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Related Concept Videos

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management01:28

Esophageal Varices-II: Clinical Features and Management

Esophageal varices often manifest as gastrointestinal bleeding episodes, presenting symptoms like hematemesis (vomiting of blood), hematochezia (passing fresh blood via the rectum), and melena (black, tarry stools). Other signs can include weight loss, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, jaundice, pruritus, altered mental status, and muscle cramps.
In the initial assessment, a thorough review of the patient's medical history is vital to identify risk factors such as liver disease, alcohol abuse, or...
Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:23

Gastritis III: Clinical Manifestations and Management

The clinical manifestations of gastritis can vary depending on the cause and type of gastritis, but some common symptoms may include the following.
Clinical manifestations of acute gastritis
The patient with acute gastritis may have a rapid onset of symptoms, such as epigastric pain or discomfort, dyspepsia, anorexia, hiccups, or nausea and vomiting, which can last from a few hours to a few days. Erosive or hemorrhagic gastritis may cause bleeding, which may manifest as blood in vomit or as...
Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction01:24

Esophageal Varices-I: Introduction

Esophageal varices are dilated, tortuous veins which are found mainly in the submucosa of the lower esophagus but which may also appear higher up or extend into the stomach. They develop due to increased pressure in the portal venous system, often as a result of liver cirrhosis. This condition scars and damages the liver, impeding normal blood flow through the portal vein. To compensate, blood seeks alternative pathways, forming fragile new vessels (varices) in the esophagus and stomach. These...
Hiatal Hernia01:25

Hiatal Hernia

A hiatal hernia is the abnormal protrusion of the stomach or other abdominal organs through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity.Normally, the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) lies below the diaphragm and is supported by the phrenoesophageal membrane, the diaphragmatic crura, and connective tissues. Weakening of these structures—due to aging, congenital defects like a short esophagus, or increased intra-abdominal pressure from coughing, obesity, pregnancy, or heavy...
Disorders of Hemostasis01:24

Disorders of Hemostasis

Hemostasis, the process that stops bleeding after a blood vessel injury, is crucial for maintaining the integrity of the circulatory system. However, disorders of hemostasis can disrupt this delicate balance, leading to either excessive clotting or bleeding. These disorders can be broadly classified into thromboembolic disorders and bleeding disorders.
Thromboembolic Disorders
Two factors primarily cause thromboembolic conditions.
Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management01:21

Barrett Esophagus-II: Clinical Manifestations and Management

Individuals with Barrett's esophagus are often asymptomatic, but they may experience symptoms commonly associated with GERD, such as heartburn and acid regurgitation. Additional symptoms can include difficulty swallowing, chest pain, unintentional weight loss, blood in the stool (which may appear black, tarry, or bloody), and episodes of vomiting.
To diagnose Barrett's esophagus, healthcare providers often recommend an endoscopy for those showing symptoms of acid reflux. The procedure entails...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Laparoscopic Splenectomy with Pericardial Devascularization for Hypersplenism and Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage Due to Portal Hypertension
04:00

Laparoscopic Splenectomy with Pericardial Devascularization for Hypersplenism and Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage Due to Portal Hypertension

Published on: November 15, 2024

A Young Man with Hematemesis.

Srishti Gulati1, Charu Malhotra2, Maithili Charan Gattu1

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

The Journal of Emergency Medicine
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary aortoenteric fistula (AEF) is a rare cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Early imaging is crucial for diagnosing this life-threatening condition, enabling prompt intervention and improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Aortoenteric fistulaCT angiographyHematemesis

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Underwater Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy for Gastroesophageal Varices
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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Laparoscopic Splenectomy with Pericardial Devascularization for Hypersplenism and Esophageal Variceal Hemorrhage Due to Portal Hypertension
04:00

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Underwater Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy for Gastroesophageal Varices
02:14

Underwater Endoscopic Injection Sclerotherapy for Gastroesophageal Varices

Published on: August 1, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Surgery
  • Gastroenterology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Primary aortoenteric fistula (AEF) is a rare and often fatal cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Massive hematemesis, melena, severe anemia, and hemodynamic instability are critical presenting symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of considering rare vascular etiologies in patients with massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • To emphasize the role of early diagnostic imaging in the rapid identification and management of AEF.

Main Methods:

  • A case report of a 27-year-old male with massive hematemesis.
  • Diagnostic workup included point-of-care ultrasound, chest radiography, and CT aortography.

Main Results:

  • CT aortography confirmed a descending thoracic aneurysm with contained rupture and a fistulous connection to the esophagus.
  • The patient presented with symptoms indicative of significant gastrointestinal hemorrhage and hemodynamic compromise.

Conclusions:

  • Rare vascular pathologies, such as AEF, should be considered in the differential diagnosis of massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Prompt and accurate diagnosis through advanced imaging is essential for timely surgical or endovascular intervention in AEF cases.