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Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data01:23

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
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Updated: May 22, 2026

Identifying Frailty Using Point-of-Care Ultrasonography: Image Acquisition and Assessment
04:00

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Published on: July 26, 2024

Assessing Cardiovascular Risk in Older Adults Integrating Frailty and Competing Risks.

James F Howick V1, Carlos Vergara Sanchez1, Brian Shapiro1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Road, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.

Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronologic age is insufficient for assessing cardiovascular risk in older adults. A balanced approach incorporating frailty, functional status, and patient preferences improves risk assessment and decision-making for better health outcomes.

Keywords:
AgingCardiovascular diseaseFrailtyPersonalizedPreventionRisk estimation

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Clinical Risk Assessment

Background:

  • Chronologic age is a primary factor in cardiovascular (CV) risk assessment.
  • Traditional CV risk estimators are often inadequate for older adults due to factors like frailty and multimorbidity.
  • Functional status and competing non-CV risks significantly impact treatment outcomes and potential harm in the elderly.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a comprehensive framework for CV risk assessment in older adults.
  • To integrate traditional risk assessment with measures of functional status, frailty, and patient preferences.
  • To reframe preventive and procedural strategies considering time to benefit and competing risks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CV risk assessment in older adults.
  • Analysis of the limitations of standard risk tools in vulnerable populations.
  • Discussion of practical frailty assessments and emerging adjuncts like coronary artery calcium scoring and gait speed.
  • Integration of shared decision-making principles.

Main Results:

  • Standard CV risk tools underestimate or overestimate risk in older adults.
  • Frailty, functional capacity, and patient preferences are crucial determinants of outcomes and therapeutic benefit/harm.
  • Emerging tools like coronary artery calcium scoring and gait speed offer valuable adjunct information.
  • A balanced framework enhances risk stratification and guides clinical decisions.

Conclusions:

  • A holistic approach beyond chronologic age is essential for accurate CV risk assessment in older adults.
  • Incorporating frailty, functional status, and patient preferences optimizes preventive and procedural strategies.
  • Shared decision-making, considering time to benefit and competing risks, improves care for vulnerable older patients.