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Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs through the...
Additional Routes of Drug Administration01:18

Additional Routes of Drug Administration

Choosing the appropriate route of drug administration is significantly influenced by two key factors: the therapeutic objectives and the inherent properties of the drug being used.
Administering drugs via inhalation allows for the direct delivery of gaseous, volatile substances or droplets to different parts of the respiratory tract. One of the advantages of the inhalation route is the rapid absorption of drugs into the circulatory system, which is possible because of the large surface area of...
Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
Drugs in...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction01:23

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Introduction

Oral drug delivery is the most common route of administration due to its convenience, cost-effectiveness, and high patient compliance. It enables precise formulation to ensure proper drug dosage and bioavailability. The development of oral dosage forms considers drug properties such as solubility, stability, and absorption to optimize therapeutic efficacy.Tablets, capsules, liquids, and chewable formulations enhance drug stability, mask undesirable tastes, and improve patient experience.
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics01:24

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacokinetics

Cholinergic antagonists—such as antimuscarinics—are available in oral, topical, ocular, parenteral, and inhalational formulations. Most antimuscarinics are oral formulations,  while scopolamine is available as a topical patch, and ipratropium and tiotropium are available as inhalation aerosols or powders. Atropine, tropicamide, and cyclopentolate are topically instilled in the eye. Most antimuscarinics are lipid-soluble and readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and the conjunctiva.

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Development and evaluation of intranasal nanostructured lipid carriers encapsulating donepezil HCl and <i>Caesalpinia bonduc</i> seed extract for targeting Alzheimer's disease: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> evaluation.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
15:04

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Published on: May 20, 2016

Nanoformulations: A Progressive Strategy for Alleviating Migraine through Nasal Route.

Avinash Tekade1, Snehal Kharade1, Aliya Anjum Shaikh1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, Marathwada Mitra Mandal's College of Pharmacy, Thergaon (Kalewadi), Pune, 411033, (M.S.), India.

CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Intranasal nanoformulations offer a promising alternative for migraine treatment, enhancing drug delivery to the brain. These advanced systems improve therapeutic outcomes by bypassing conventional limitations and reducing side effects.

Keywords:
Neurological disorderschallengesmigrainenanoformulationsnose-to-brain deliverynovel approaches

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3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
05:44

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Published on: November 14, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols
15:04

Modeling and Simulations of Olfactory Drug Delivery with Passive and Active Controls of Nasally Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols

Published on: May 20, 2016

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache
10:39

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery
05:44

Novel Methods for Intranasal Administration Under Inhalation Anesthesia to Evaluate Nose-to-Brain Drug Delivery

Published on: November 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Nanotechnology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder impacting daily life.
  • Conventional migraine treatments face limitations due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB).
  • Intranasal (IN) delivery offers a potential route to bypass BBB challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel nanoformulations for intranasal drug delivery targeting the brain.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of these approaches for migraine therapy.
  • To identify challenges and potential solutions in nose-to-brain delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of research on CNS-targeted nasal drug delivery.
  • Searched databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar) and WHO publications.
  • Keywords included: Neurological disorders, Migraine, Nose-to-brain delivery, Nanoformulations.

Main Results:

  • Nanoformulations significantly enhance brain delivery of anti-migraine drugs via the intranasal route.
  • Improved drug bioavailability and faster onset of action observed.
  • Superior therapeutic outcomes compared to conventional administration methods.

Conclusions:

  • Intranasal nanoformulations are a promising strategy for migraine therapy, enabling direct nose-to-brain transport.
  • Nanocarriers like SLNs, NLCs, nanoemulsions, and liposomes improve drug permeability and efficacy.
  • These systems enhance brain targeting while minimizing systemic exposure and adverse effects.