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Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
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Liquid Metal-Enabled Soft Bioelectronics for Human Health Monitoring.

Qi Yang1, Md Mudassir Chowdhury1, Rashid Muhammad1

  • 1School of Mechanical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid metal (LM) flexible sensors offer advanced human health monitoring, overcoming limitations of rigid sensors. These innovative sensors enable continuous, high-fidelity physiological signal capture for proactive healthcare and personalized medicine.

Keywords:
flexible sensorshuman health monitoringliquid metalwearability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science and Engineering
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Continuous physiological monitoring is vital for proactive healthcare and chronic disease management.
  • Traditional rigid sensors have limitations in mechanical compatibility, signal fidelity, and wearability during dynamic activities.
  • Liquid metal (LM) based flexible sensors present a promising alternative due to their unique properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in LM-based flexible sensors for human health monitoring.
  • To analyze engineering strategies for LM materials and their applications.
  • To discuss the potential of LM sensors in shifting healthcare towards predictive and personalized medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic analysis of LM material engineering strategies: formulation, substrate selection, circuit patterning, printing, and encapsulation.
  • Review of LM sensor applications in monitoring multi-joint motion, pulse, heart-rate, wound infection, body temperature, sweat, and respiration.
  • Discussion of artificial intelligence's role in data processing and signal interpretation for flexible sensing.

Main Results:

  • LM-based flexible sensors achieve conformal contact with body surfaces for high-fidelity monitoring of multiple physiological parameters.
  • These sensors overcome the limitations of traditional rigid sensors in dynamic activities and long-term wearability.
  • LM sensors facilitate a shift towards predictive healthcare and personalized medicine through advanced health monitoring.

Conclusions:

  • LM-based flexible sensors represent a significant innovation in human health monitoring, offering high-fidelity signal capture without user discomfort.
  • Future material and structural innovations in LM sensors will overcome current monitoring barriers.
  • These sensors enable scenario-integrated applications, paving the way for improved healthcare outcomes.