Liquid Metal-Enabled Soft Bioelectronics for Human Health Monitoring

Continuous, real-time, and accurate monitoring of human physiological signals is crucial for proactive healthcare and chronic disease management. Traditional rigid sensors, however, face limitations in mechanical compatibility, signal fidelity during dynamic activities and long-term wearability. This review summarizes the recent advancements in liquid metal (LM)-based flexible sensors for human health monitoring, which leverage unique properties to monitor human physiological parameters and overcome the limitations associated with Traditional rigid sensors. The key engineering strategies for LM materials, such as formulation, substrate selection, circuit patterning, printing, and encapsulation, were systematically analyzed. Additionally, this review summarizes LM applications in multi-joint motion, pulse and heart-rate, wound infection, body temperature, sweat, and respiration monitoring. By achieving conformal contact with body surfaces, these sensors enable high-fidelity monitoring of multiple physiological parameters. Furthermore, this review briefly discusses the supporting role of artificial intelligence in data processing and signal interpretation for flexible sensing-based health monitoring. Utilizing LM-based flexible sensors for health monitoring facilitates a shift from passive treatment to predictive healthcare and personalized medicine. Addressing future challenges in human health monitoring, LM-based flexible sensors will overcome monitoring barriers through material and structural innovations. This will enable high-fidelity physiological signal capture without user discomfort, enabling scenario-integrated applications.