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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 22, 2026

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse
09:37

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse

Published on: December 26, 2019

Decoding TCR specificity and T cell fate at the immunological synapse.

Rundi Zhu1, Yuqian Wang1, Guideng Li1,2

  • 1National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Suzhou, China.

The Journal of Experimental Medicine
|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed PRECISE-seq, a new method to analyze T cells. This technique identified an immunosuppressive T cell state in tumors that PD-1 blockade therapy can overcome.

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A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
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Measuring TCR-pMHC Binding In Situ using a FRET-based Microscopy Assay
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Last Updated: May 22, 2026

Imaging the Human Immunological Synapse
09:37

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Published on: December 26, 2019

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins
16:10

A TIRF Microscopy Technique for Real-time, Simultaneous Imaging of the TCR and its Associated Signaling Proteins

Published on: March 22, 2012

Measuring TCR-pMHC Binding In Situ using a FRET-based Microscopy Assay
19:05

Measuring TCR-pMHC Binding In Situ using a FRET-based Microscopy Assay

Published on: October 30, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Single-cell analysis
  • Cancer research

Background:

  • T cells play a critical role in anti-tumor immunity.
  • Understanding T cell states within the tumor microenvironment is crucial for developing effective cancer therapies.
  • Current methods may not fully capture the complex interplay of T cell receptor specificity, function, and phenotype.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce PRECISE-seq, a novel proximity labeling platform.
  • To characterize T cell states at single-cell resolution by integrating T cell receptor specificity, functional potency, and cellular phenotype.
  • To identify novel T cell populations within tumors and their response to immunotherapy.

Main Methods:

  • Development and application of PRECISE-seq (Proximity-dependent REaction for Cell-Intrinsic Specificity Evaluation sequencing).
  • Single-cell analysis integrating multi-omic data.
  • Characterization of tumor-infiltrating T cells.

Main Results:

  • PRECISE-seq enables high-resolution profiling of T cells.
  • Identification of a previously uncharacterized immunosuppressive Ly49+ T cell state within tumors.
  • Demonstration that this immunosuppressive T cell state is sensitive to PD-1 blockade therapy.

Conclusions:

  • PRECISE-seq is a powerful platform for dissecting cellular heterogeneity in immune responses.
  • The identified Ly49+ T cell state represents a potential therapeutic target in cancer.
  • Targeting PD-1 can overcome T cell-mediated immunosuppression within the tumor microenvironment.