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Rethinking the p-factor: A model of cumulative risk aggregation across development-Commentary on Caspi et al. (2026).

Andrea Raballo1, Michele Poletti2, Antonio Preti3

  • 1University of Southern Switzerland, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, REMEDI Lab Euler Institute.

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|May 21, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The general psychopathology factor (p-factor) may represent a developmental vulnerability architecture, not just statistical covariance. This perspective highlights transdiagnostic approaches for mental disorder prediction and prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychiatry and Developmental Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • The general psychopathology factor (p-factor) is a latent structure that explains shared liability across diverse mental disorders.
  • Existing interpretations primarily view the p-factor as statistical covariance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-examine the nature of the p-factor beyond statistical covariance.
  • To propose an alternative interpretation of the p-factor as a developmental vulnerability architecture.
  • To support integrative and transdiagnostic models of psychopathology.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis and theoretical integration of existing research on the p-factor.
  • Review of literature on genetic, social, and environmental interactions in psychopathology.
  • Exploration of developmental and transgenerational perspectives.

Main Results:

  • The p-factor may reflect an emergent developmental vulnerability architecture rather than mere statistical overlap.
  • This architecture is shaped by complex interactions between genetic, social, and environmental factors over time.
  • The p-factor can be conceptualized as a marker of transgenerational risk processes.

Conclusions:

  • Adopting a developmental perspective reframes the p-factor as a dynamic risk process.
  • This reframing supports integrative models of psychopathology.
  • It motivates the development of transdiagnostic, network-based approaches for prediction and prevention of mental disorders.