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Related Concept Videos

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes loosely...
The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison02:57

The Sense of Self: Reflected Self-Appraisal and Social Comparison

According to Charles Cooley, we base our image on what we think other people see (Cooley 1902). We imagine how we must appear to others, then react to this speculation. We don certain clothes, prepare our hair in a particular manner, wear makeup, use cologne, and the like—all with the notion that our presentation of ourselves is going to affect how others perceive us. We expect a certain reaction, and, if lucky, we get the one we desire and feel good about it. But more than that, Cooley...
Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
Psychological and Sociocultural Causes of Schizophrenia01:29

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Schizophrenia, a complex psychiatric disorder, has been historically misunderstood. Early psychological theories attributed its origins to childhood trauma and unresponsive parenting. However, contemporary research largely rejects these notions, favoring the vulnerability-stress hypothesis. This model proposes that individuals with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may develop the disorder following exposure to significant environmental stressors. Notably, studies on high-risk...
Schizophrenia01:17

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those diagnosed.
Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:26

Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that significantly impact cognition, behavior, and emotional regulation. Among these, the positive symptoms stand out as they involve the addition or exaggeration of normal mental functions, deviating markedly from typical behavior and perception. Hallucinations and delusions are prominent positive symptoms, each profoundly affecting the individual's experience of reality.
Hallucinations
Hallucinations in...

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Related Experiment Video

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Altered mirroring and self-face processing in schizophrenia: A systematic review.

Michele Poletti1, Francesco Bevione2, Valentin Nicolae Iftime2

  • 1Department of Mental Health and Pathological Addiction, Child and Adolescent Neuropsychiatry Service, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy.

Schizophrenia Research
|June 1, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Schizophrenia patients show impaired self-face recognition and altered mirror experiences, suggesting self-representation integration issues. Mirror tasks may help study these vulnerabilities, but more research is needed.

Keywords:
Clinical high-risk for psychosisMirror-related phenomenaMirroringSchizophreniaSelf-disordersSelf-face processing

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Experimental Psychology

Background:

  • Anomalous experiences with mirrors, or the "mirror sign," are noted in schizophrenia.
  • Mirror and self-face paradigms offer insights into self-disturbances in schizophrenia.
  • Existing empirical findings are scattered and inconsistent.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review experimental studies on mirror, self-face recognition, and enfacement-illusion tasks in schizophrenia.
  • To synthesize findings on self-processing and self-disturbances in psychosis using these paradigms.
  • To assess the potential of mirror-based tasks for understanding schizophrenia.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of studies using mirror, self-face recognition, and enfacement-illusion tasks.
  • Searched four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycInfo, CINAHL) up to December 31, 2024.
  • Included studies on schizophrenia or clinical high-risk for psychosis.

Main Results:

  • 16 studies identified; patients showed impaired self-face recognition and anomalous mirror experiences.
  • Attenuated enfacement effects and heightened misattribution suggest impaired multisensory integration.
  • Mirror-gazing tasks revealed perceptual distortions and self-estrangement, aligning with diminished self-presence.

Conclusions:

  • Schizophrenia may involve altered integration of embodied and reflective self-representations.
  • Mirror tasks show promise for probing self-representation vulnerabilities in psychosis.
  • More rigorous, standardized, and longitudinal research is required to establish diagnostic and mechanistic relevance.