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Related Concept Videos

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention01:26

Levels of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention

Health promotion allows a person to control the determinants of health, resulting in an improved health status. It enhances the quality of life and reduces premature deaths. Health promotion and illness prevention programs help people make beneficial choices to reduce the risk of disease and disabilities. There are three health promotion and illness prevention levels: primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention.
In primary prevention, actions taken before disease onset prevent the disease from...
Preventive Healthcare Services01:30

Preventive Healthcare Services

Preventive healthcare services keep people healthy via frequent check-ups, screening, and counseling. They primarily aid in disease prevention rather than treating an acute or chronic illness. Preventive treatment also keeps individuals productive and energetic, allowing them to work well into their retirement years. Examples of preventive care services include:
Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I01:25

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I

A model is a theoretical way to understand a concept or an idea. Models can overcome barriers to health regardless of diverse economic and cultural backgrounds. In addition, models make the task easier by providing different ways to approach complex issues. There are two major health promotion models: the health belief model and the health promotion model.
The health belief model (HBM) attempts to predict health-related behavior in specific belief patterns. According to the HBM, a person's...
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Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II01:18

Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention II

The person's health status fluctuates continually, varying from being in good health to becoming ill and returning to being healthy. To understand the concept of illness prevention, there are two models. First, the health-illness continuum model is a graphic representation of an individual's wellness. It states that a person is considered healthy in the absence of physical disease and the presence of good emotional health.
The agent-host-environment model states that disease results from...
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the retrovirus to...

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Updated: May 23, 2026

An Affordable HIV-1 Drug Resistance Monitoring Method for Resource Limited Settings
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Published on: March 30, 2014

U = U for all: Advancing equity in HIV prevention.

Thiago S Torres1, Paula M Luz1

  • 1Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Plos Medicine
|May 21, 2026
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Summary

Achieving an undetectable HIV viral load means HIV is untransmittable (Undetectable=Untransmittable or U=U). Widespread understanding and acceptance of U=U are crucial for ending HIV transmission and stigma.

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • HIV/AIDS Research

Background:

  • Antiretroviral therapy suppresses HIV, eliminating transmission risk, a concept known as Undetectable=Untransmittable (U=U).
  • Despite scientific consensus, U=U awareness and understanding are inconsistent across populations.
  • Persistent stigma surrounding HIV hinders the full impact of U=U messaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the current state of U=U literacy and identify barriers to its equitable dissemination.
  • To explore the multifaceted nature of U=U awareness beyond its biomedical basis.
  • To advocate for comprehensive strategies to improve U=U understanding and combat stigma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing U=U research.
  • Analysis of public health communication strategies and their effectiveness.
  • Examination of policy and educational frameworks related to HIV/AIDS.

Main Results:

  • U=U literacy is significantly varied, with disparities in understanding and access to information.
  • Sociocultural factors and stigma act as major impediments to U=U acceptance.
  • Biomedical evidence alone is insufficient for widespread U=U adoption; social and policy interventions are necessary.

Conclusions:

  • Effective U=U awareness requires culturally sensitive communication and targeted interventions.
  • Enhanced education for healthcare providers is essential for accurate U=U counseling.
  • Supportive policy environments and community engagement are critical for overcoming U=U stigma and promoting health equity.