Histopathological and Molecular Insights into Viral Oncogenesis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent malignancy of the oral cavity, commonly associated with the consumption of tobacco and alcohol. However, emerging evidence also implicates oncogenic viruses in its pathogenesis. Understanding the relationship between histopathological features and viral presence is critical for improving diagnostic and treatment approaches.

To explore the histopathological features of OSCC and their correlation with oncogenic viruses.

Eleven excision specimens of biopsy-proven OSCC were subjected to histopathological examination. Fresh tumor tissues, sampled intraoperatively, were sent for RTPCR-based qualitative detection of oncogenic viruses.

Nine of the eleven cases (81.8%) showed an association with oncogenic viruses. The mean age of patients was 51.4 years, with a male predominance. HPV was detected in one case; herpesviruses were found in six cases, with EBV being the most prevalent (n = 5); and non-herpes viruses were identified in four cases, with B19V being the most prevalent (n = 3). Viral co-infections were noted in three cases. All tumors were unifocal SCC, classified as Grade 1 (n = 5) or Grade 2 (n = 4). Pathologic staging revealed pT4 and pT2 in three cases each. Nodal metastasis was observed in two co-infected cases.

The detection of viruses in OSCC samples emphasizes the possible role of oncogenic viruses in tumorigenesis. It also suggests that advanced stages of the disease may be associated with co-infection, highlighting the importance of viral screening. The histo-molecular correlations indicate a complex interaction between viral presence and tumor pathology, underscoring the need for studies with larger sample sizes to better interpret the mechanisms of viral oncogenesis and inform targeted interventions.