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Related Concept Videos

Endocarditis I: Introduction01:25

Endocarditis I: Introduction

Introduction:Endocarditis is the infection of the endocardium, the inner lining of the heart and its valves. When the heart muscle is involved, the condition is termed myocarditis, while an infection of the outer lining is called pericarditis. Infective endocarditis (IE) primarily affects the endocardium, where pathogens adhere to the valves or lining, forming vegetation that can lead to severe complications. Infective endocarditis occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from other body...
Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis01:25

Endocarditis II: Clinical Features of Infective Endocarditis

Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:19

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

A blood clot, or thrombus, is a semi-solid mass composed of fibrin, platelets, and red blood cells. When it forms within a vessel, it can obstruct blood flow, known as thrombosis. If part of the clot detaches, it becomes an embolus that can travel and block distant vessels. When this occurs in the pulmonary arteries, it causes a condition known as pulmonary embolism (PE).Origin and ImpactMost often, the embolus originates from a thrombus in the deep veins of the lower limbs, a condition called...
Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction01:29

Pulmonary Embolism I: Introduction

Pulmonary embolism (PE) occurs when a thrombus, fat or air embolus, amniotic fluid, or tumor tissue blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. These blockages originate in the venous system or the right side of the heart.EtiologyPE primarily arises from deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and other hypercoagulable states, such as inherited thrombophilias. Additional etiological factors include venous stasis, commonly seen in obesity, and endothelial injury from surgery and trauma. Less common causes include...
Endocarditis III: Medical Management01:18

Endocarditis III: Medical Management

Infective endocarditis management involves a multifaceted approach encompassing infection prevention, lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapy, and surgical management.Infection Prevention:Hand Hygiene: Thorough handwashing is crucial to prevent the spread of infection. Hand hygiene should be performed regularly, especially before and after using the restroom.Oral Hygiene: Good oral hygiene is essential. It includes brushing teeth immediately after waking up and before bed, flossing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
10:52

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence

Published on: December 23, 2022

Systemic Embolic Events in People Who Inject Drugs With Patent Foramen Ovale and Right-Sided Infective Endocarditis:

Guillermo Cuervo1,2,3, Supavit Chesdachai3,4, Danielle Gerberi5

  • 1Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clinic-IDIBAPS, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

Open Forum Infectious Diseases
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) and right-sided infective endocarditis (RSIE) in people who inject drugs (PWID) can lead to systemic embolism. This syndrome affects young patients, often with Staphylococcus aureus, and has poor outcomes despite treatment.

Keywords:
patent foramen ovalepeople who inject drugsright-sided infective endocarditisstrokesystemic embolism

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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
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Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Published on: February 8, 2022

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Last Updated: May 23, 2026

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence
10:52

Closure of a Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO): An Intervention Sequence

Published on: December 23, 2022

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure
07:41

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Atrial Communications before Transcatheter Closure

Published on: February 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Increasing prevalence of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and right-sided infective endocarditis (RSIE) in people who inject drugs (PWID).
  • Limited understanding of the syndrome involving injection drug use, RSIE, and PFO with systemic embolic events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the syndrome of injection drug use, RSIE, and PFO with systemic embolic events.
  • To identify common pathogens, clinical presentations, and outcomes in affected patients.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search of multiple databases (inception to September 2025).
  • Inclusion of adult PWID with RSIE, systemic embolic events, and PFO assessment.
  • Exclusion of cardiac implantable electronic device infections and other embolism causes.

Main Results:

  • 13 studies identified 14 young patients, predominantly infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
  • Echocardiography showed large tricuspid valve vegetations; neuroimaging confirmed multiple ischemic infarcts.
  • 79% had right-to-left shunting; outcomes were poor, with 21% mortality and limited follow-up.

Conclusions:

  • RSIE with systemic embolism in PWID with PFO is rare, affecting young patients, often due to S. aureus with large tricuspid vegetations.
  • Right-to-left shunting is characteristic, and outcomes remain poor despite combined therapies.
  • Further research is needed to improve management strategies and patient outcomes.