Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 23, 2026

Fabrication of Pulsatile Polymeric Microparticles Encapsulating Rabies Antigen
Published on: May 12, 2023
Combination Vaccines in Routine Childhood Immunization Programs - Worldwide, 2024
Fan Zheng1,2, Guzainuer Abudurusuli1, Linlin Gong1,2
1State Key Laboratory of Vaccines for Infectious Diseases, Xiang An Biomedicine Laboratory, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China.
What Is Already Known About This Topic?:
Combination vaccines enhance health system efficiency and caregiver compliance by reducing the number of clinic visits and injections required for routine childhood immunization.
What Is Added By This Report?:
In 2024, eight types of combination vaccines were in use worldwide, grouped into two categories: diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP)-containing vaccines (trivalent, quadrivalent, pentavalent, and hexavalent) and measles-containing vaccines (two bivalent types, trivalent, and quadrivalent). Pentavalent DTP-containing vaccines and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines were the most widely used globally, yet 15 countries still lacked any measles-containing combination vaccine. Significant coverage gaps and service drop-offs persisted in low-income countries in Africa and the Americas, reflecting economic disparities in access to advanced formulations such as hexavalent vaccines.
What Are The Implications For Public Health Practice?:
To align with Immunization Agenda 2030 (IA2030), tailored strategies should integrate combination vaccines with strengthened primary healthcare delivery and sustainable financing mechanisms. This approach is essential for improving service continuity and reducing dropout rates in underperforming regions.
Related Concept Videos
Vaccinations
Vaccines
Vaccine Production
Cancer Vaccines
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics
Development of Immunocompetence
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...

