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Updated: May 23, 2026

Four-Dimensional Printing of Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogel-Based Soft Robots

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Published on: January 13, 2023

A Multimodal Magnetically Driven Soft Robot With Integrated Actuation-Sensing Based on Photothermal Reprogramming

Liu Yang¹, Yuliao Dong¹, Kangning Li¹

¹School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, P. R. China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)

|May 22, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel photothermal reprogramming strategy for magnetic soft robots, enabling multiple locomotion modes and shape transformations. The robots feature integrated sensors for environmental interaction, enhancing their adaptive capabilities for biomedical applications.

Keywords:

integrated actuation and sensing magnetic soft robot multimodal locomotion reprogrammable magnetization targeted drug transport

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Area of Science:

Robotics
Materials Science
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Conventional magnetic soft robots have limitations in adaptive functionality due to static magnetization and lack of integrated perception.
Dynamic environments require soft robots with enhanced interactivity and adaptable locomotion.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a photothermal reprogramming strategy for magnetic soft robots.
To create robots with multiple locomotion modes, shape transformations, and integrated sensing capabilities.
To demonstrate the potential of these robots in biomedical applications.

Main Methods:

Utilized custom-designed PEG/SmFeN microspheres for photothermal reprogramming via near-infrared light.
Implemented a liquid-metal Archimedean spiral capacitive sensor for integrated actuation-sensing.
Tested locomotion modes (rolling, creeping) and shape transformations in simulated environments.

Main Results:

Achieved multiple locomotion modes and shape transformations with a single robot.
Demonstrated enhanced locomotion speeds up to 1.8 BL/s (27 mm/s) in multi-legged rolling mode.
Integrated sensor successfully detected environmental changes and self-motion over 100 cycles, distinguishing gaits in a simulated gastric environment.

Conclusions:

The photothermal reprogramming strategy enables adaptive soft robots with spatially programmable actuation.
Integrated multimodal sensing enhances environmental interactivity and self-monitoring.
The thermally safe system shows significant potential for minimally invasive medical procedures and targeted therapy.