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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
06:38

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

Advancing Systemic Treatment beyond First Line for Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Piotr T Wysocki1, Paulina Chmiel2, Jacek Jassem1

  • 1Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.

Current Oncology Reports
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is complex. This review covers emerging systemic therapies and strategies for selecting second-line and subsequent treatments for advanced HCC when clinical guidelines are lacking.

Keywords:
HCCHepatocellular carcinomaImmunotherapyMolecular targeted agentsSecond-line treatment

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A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
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A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: September 30, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 23, 2026

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
06:38

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis

Published on: September 12, 2019

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
12:24

A Three-Dimensional Spheroid Model to Investigate the Tumor-Stromal Interaction in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Published on: September 30, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Hepatocellular Carcinoma Research
  • Oncology Therapeutics
  • Systemic Cancer Treatment

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent global malignancy.
  • Many patients are diagnosed with advanced-stage HCC, necessitating systemic therapies.
  • Treatment has evolved from single-agent targeted therapies to combination regimens including immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent clinical advancements in advanced HCC treatment.
  • To explore emerging strategies for optimizing systemic therapies beyond first-line.
  • To address the lack of clinical guidelines for selecting second-line and subsequent therapies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent clinical advancements.
  • Analysis of current salvage therapy options.
  • Exploration of emerging treatment strategies for advanced HCC.

Main Results:

  • Available salvage therapies include targeted agents, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and combination regimens.
  • Evidence for efficacy and patient selection in this setting is limited.
  • The treatment landscape for advanced HCC is increasingly complex.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing systemic treatment beyond first-line therapy is crucial for advanced HCC.
  • Further research is needed to establish clear guidelines for salvage therapies.
  • Emerging strategies aim to improve patient selection and treatment outcomes.