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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must have a...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 24, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Tailoring Spin-Orbit Interaction in High Harmonic Generation via Geometric Phase.

Jianing Zhang1, Xiulan Liu1,2, Olga Smirnova3,4,5

  • 1Peking University, State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-Optoelectronics, School of Physics, Beijing 100871, China.

Physical Review Letters
|May 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

We observed geometric phase-induced spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in crystalline solids during high harmonic generation. This allows for precise control over light properties, enabling novel photonic devices and ultrafast spectroscopy applications.

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Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization
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Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

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Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 24, 2026

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry
12:14

The Generation of Higher-order Laguerre-Gauss Optical Beams for High-precision Interferometry

Published on: August 12, 2013

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization
08:19

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

Published on: December 11, 2014

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator
08:39

Shaping the Amplitude and Phase of Laser Beams by Using a Phase-only Spatial Light Modulator

Published on: January 28, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear optics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Quantum optics

Background:

  • Intense light fields with structured wave fronts are crucial for advanced spectroscopy and photonics.
  • Exploring nonlinear light-matter interactions is key to developing new optical technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the observation of geometric phase-induced spin-orbit interaction (SOI) in high harmonic generation (HHG) from crystalline solids.
  • To demonstrate the control of HHG properties using crystal anisotropy and metasurfaces.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing intense light fields with spatiotemporally structured wave fronts.
  • Investigating high harmonic generation in crystalline solids.
  • Employing specially designed metasurfaces for wave front sculpting.

Main Results:

  • Observed geometric phase-induced spin-orbit interaction (SOI) originating from crystal anisotropy-driven spin flips.
  • Demonstrated conversion of spin to orbital angular momentum in high-order harmonics.
  • Sculpted harmonic wave fronts into vortex structures using metasurfaces.

Conclusions:

  • SOI provides a mechanism for controlling light polarization and orbital angular momentum in HHG.
  • Metasurfaces enable arbitrary wave front shaping of high-harmonic light.
  • This work paves the way for vectorial light shaping, photonic spin Hall effects, and metalenses for high-harmonic applications.