Micro/nanomotors: Biomedical applications and challenges

Micro/nanomotors show exceptional applications, such as thrombus ablation, biofilm eradication, diagnosis, and bioimaging. In addition, stimulus-driven advances in micro/nanomotor design enable controlled guidance, improved speed and directionality, enhanced in vivo barrier permeability, targetability of cargo/drugs, accumulation at desired sites, and deeper tissue penetration. Interestingly, biohybrid micro/nanomotors constructed with biological cells or components (such as sperm) demonstrate excellent biocompatibility and potential biomedical applications. This review highlights the various approaches to construction and types of micro/nanomotors, biomedical applications, and the remaining challenges for successful clinical translation.