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Related Concept Videos

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography01:18

Supercritical Fluid Chromatography

Supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) provides a beneficial substitute for gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) for certain samples because it merges the top attributes of both techniques. SFC allows the separation and analysis of compounds that GC or LC does not easily manage. These compounds are traditionally nonvolatile or thermally unstable, making GC unsuitable and lacking functional groups required for HPLC analysis.
SFC utilizes a supercritical fluid mobile phase,...
Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications01:30

Capillary Electrophoresis: Applications

Capillary electrophoretic separations offer various modes, each with unique applications. These modes include capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary array electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, capillary isotachophoresis, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and capillary electrochromatography.
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separates ionic components based on their electrophoretic mobility. It has been used to separate proteins, amino acids,...
Size-Exclusion Chromatography01:08

Size-Exclusion Chromatography

In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
Silica particles offer advantages such as rigidity,...
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction01:11

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography: Introduction

High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), formerly referred to as High-pressure liquid chromatography, is a powerful technique used to separate, identify, and quantify components in complex mixtures. The term "high pressure" refers to using high pressure to push the liquid mobile phase through the tightly packed columns.
In HPLC, two phases play a critical role in the separation process:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow
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A Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method for Measuring Ultrashort PFCAs and Longer-Chain PFAS in Water.

Euna Kim1, Ethan J Sontarp1, Elsie M Sunderland1,2

  • 1Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering & Applied Sciences, Harvard University, 29 Oxford St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States.

Analytical Chemistry
|May 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

A new liquid-liquid extraction method efficiently analyzes diverse per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), in natural waters. This approach overcomes limitations of standard methods for ultrashort-chain PFAS detection.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Water Quality Analysis

Background:

  • Natural waters harbor complex mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS).
  • Standard analytical methods struggle with diverse PFAS chemistries, particularly highly polar, ultrashort-chain compounds like trifluoroacetic acid (TFA).
  • Existing solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques often yield poor recovery rates for ultrashort-chain PFAS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, single analytical workflow for quantifying both long-chain and ultrashort-chain PFAS in natural water samples.
  • To overcome the limitations of current extraction methods for highly polar PFAS, such as TFA.
  • To improve the accuracy and sensitivity of PFAS analysis in environmental monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • A two-stage liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) process was developed.
  • The method involves acidic extraction into methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), followed by basified back-transfer (pH-programmed partitioning).
  • Evaporative transfer of MTBE-retained PFAS to an aqueous residue was employed for final sample preparation.

Main Results:

  • The LLE method demonstrated effective recovery for a wide range of PFAS, including ultrashort-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) like TFA.
  • Absolute recoveries for 53 out of 61 targeted PFAS were within ±30%, with concentration recoveries within ±13% when using matched extracted internal standards.
  • Method detection limits (MDLs) were significantly low: 6.67 ng L⁻¹ for TFA and 0.03-0.22 ng L⁻¹ for federally regulated PFAS in the US.

Conclusions:

  • The novel two-stage LLE method enables sensitive and reproducible quantification of diverse PFAS, including challenging ultrashort-chain compounds.
  • This technique offers a significant advancement for comprehensive PFAS analysis in environmental water samples.
  • The improved method facilitates more accurate environmental monitoring and risk assessment of PFAS contamination.