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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
Derivatives: Problem Solving01:26

Derivatives: Problem Solving

Temperature-Dependent Growth of Brook TroutThe growth of brook trout is closely influenced by water temperature. Experimental data demonstrate how trout weight changes over a 24-day period in response to varying water temperatures. At lower temperatures, such as 15.5 degrees Celsius, brook trout show significant weight gain. However, as the temperature increases, the amount of weight gained steadily decreases. At the highest temperature measured, 24.4 degrees Celsius, trout experience a net...
Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The iodine is then...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
08:33

An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development

Published on: June 6, 2014

Temperature reorganises developmental time during thyroid hormone-driven fish metamorphosis.

Emma Gairin1, Stefano Vianello2, Billy Moore3

  • 1Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa, 904-0495, Japan.

Developmental Biology
|May 23, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Climate warming accelerates fish metamorphosis by altering thyroid hormone (TH) signaling, leading to uncoupled development. This disrupts endocrine timing, causing mismatched phenotypes and impacting post-embryonic development in fish.

Keywords:
Climate changeDevelopmental timingFish metamorphosisHeterokairyThyroid hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Climate Change Biology

Background:

  • Thyroid hormones (TH) are crucial for coordinating complex life cycles and metamorphosis in teleost fish.
  • The impact of climate change-induced warming on fish developmental timing is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how elevated temperatures affect TH-driven developmental trajectories during fish metamorphosis.
  • To elucidate the role of TH signaling in mediating temperature-sensitive developmental timing.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptomic time series analysis across six developmental stages in false clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris).
  • Application of time-series analyses and dynamic time warping to assess gene expression patterns.
  • Reconstruction of endocrine gene networks at the gene level.

Main Results:

  • Elevated temperatures accelerated TH synthesis and altered temporal responses in TH-signaling pathways.
  • Key TH-dependent developmental programs, including differentiation and neuronal maturation, showed delayed and attenuated gene expression.
  • Warming led to temporally uncoupled development, with accelerated initiation but impaired coordination of morphogenetic modules.

Conclusions:

  • Thermal stress disrupts the precise endocrine timing mechanisms essential for orderly developmental transitions.
  • Environmental warming can result in accelerated but functionally mismatched phenotypes due to disrupted developmental coordination.
  • Thyroid hormone signaling is a critical mediator of temperature-sensitive developmental timing in vertebrates.