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Types of Membrane Protrusions

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The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 25, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

Published on: December 5, 2025

Propeller and Perforator Flaps.

Gabriela Sendek¹, David L Colen¹

¹Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.

Clinics in Plastic Surgery

|May 23, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Perforator and propeller flaps offer plastic surgeons new options for lower extremity reconstruction. These techniques expand the available methods for repairing complex lower extremity defects.

Keywords:

Lower limb Perforator flap Propeller flap Reconstruction Trauma

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Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap

Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap

Published on: January 11, 2016

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Last Updated: May 25, 2026

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

Published on: December 5, 2025

Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap

Engineered Vascularized Muscle Flap

Published on: January 11, 2016

Area of Science:

Plastic Surgery
Orthopedic Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

Lower extremity reconstruction presents significant challenges for plastic surgeons.
Traditional methods may not always provide optimal outcomes for complex defects.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the utility of perforator and perforator propeller flaps in lower extremity reconstruction.
To discuss how these techniques expand reconstructive options.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on perforator flap techniques.
Analysis of the application of perforator and propeller flaps in lower extremity reconstruction.

Main Results:

Perforator flaps, guided by the perforasome theory, offer versatile solutions.
Perforator propeller flaps provide enhanced reach and rotation for defect coverage.

Conclusions:

Perforator and perforator propeller flaps are valuable additions to the reconstructive surgeon's toolkit.
These advanced techniques improve the management of challenging lower extremity defects.