The Effect of Photobiomodulation in the Management of Leg Ulcers in Sickle Cell Disease: A Systematic Review

Leg ulcer (LU) is a chronic complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), characterised by intense pain, treatment resistance and a high impact on the patient's quality of life (QoL), representing a significant public health challenge. Clinical management involves multifaceted approaches; however, the variability in response to conventional treatments highlights the need for more effective and evidence-based alternatives. Photobiomodulation (PBM) emerges as a promising intervention, with the potential to accelerate tissue healing and reduce pain in patients with SCD-associated LUs. This study conducted a systematic literature review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines, covering relevant databases. Four studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected, and methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool. Findings indicated that PBM promoted cell growth, accelerated healing and relieved pain, with three studies reporting pain reduction and one study describing a decrease in edema and inflammation. Granulation tissue formation was observed in three of the four studies analysed, and ulcer area reduction was noted in three studies, with one reporting complete healing. Despite the encouraging results, the scarcity of specific studies and the absence of robust randomised clinical trials underscore the need for further research to validate its effectiveness and establish consistent clinical protocols. Expanding these investigations may consolidate PBM as a safe, effective and cost-efficient therapeutic option for patients with SCD-related LUs, contributing to the optimisation of healthcare practices.