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Updated: May 26, 2026

Screening Assays to Characterize Novel Endothelial Regulators Involved in the Inflammatory Response
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Substance abuse and inflammation: consequences beyond the brain.

Liu Yang1, Michael A Wheeler1

  • 1The Gene Lay Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Trends in Immunology
|May 24, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Addictive substances significantly impact the immune system, affecting both the brain and body. This review explores how substance use disorders alter neuroimmune communication and cause inflammation across multiple organs.

Keywords:
addictionneuroimmunologypsychedelicssubstance use disorders

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Substance use disorders (SUDs) are often viewed as brain reward system issues.
  • Emerging evidence shows addictive substances profoundly affect central and peripheral immune systems.
  • These effects persist long after substance exposure.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical and preclinical data on substance exposure and systemic inflammation.
  • To delineate shared cellular and molecular mechanisms of substance effects across tissues.
  • To highlight new understandings of systemic neuroimmune crosstalk in SUDs.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of clinical and preclinical studies.
  • Analysis of evidence linking various addictive substances (opioids, psychostimulants, alcohol, nicotine, cannabinoids, psychedelics) to immune modulation.
  • Examination of effects on multiple organs (brain, gut, liver, lungs, skin, circulation).

Main Results:

  • Addictive substances modulate immune signaling across diverse organs.
  • Drugs of abuse remodel neuroimmune communication centrally and peripherally.
  • Substance exposure leads to systemic inflammation and altered neuron-glia-immune interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Substance use disorders involve significant immune system dysregulation beyond reward circuitry.
  • Shared mechanisms underlie substance-induced inflammation across different tissues.
  • Understanding systemic neuroimmune crosstalk is crucial for novel SUD treatments.