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Related Concept Videos

Carbon-dioxide Fixation01:28

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...
The Calvin Benson Cycle01:46

The Calvin Benson Cycle

Ribulose 1,5- bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCo) is a critical enzyme that catalyzes carbon dioxide assimilation during photosynthesis. However, it is an inefficient enzyme, having an extremely slow catalytic rate. A typical enzyme can process about a thousand molecules per second; however, RuBisCo fixes only around three-carbon dioxides per second. Photosynthetic cells compensate for this slow rate by synthesizing very high amounts of RuBisCo, making it the most abundant single...
The Citric Acid Cycle02:36

The Citric Acid Cycle

The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle, consists of several energy-generating reactions that yield one ATP molecule, three NADH molecules, one FADH2 molecule, and two CO2 molecules.
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:24

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes are proteins made of amino acids. The functional group of each constituent amino acid catalyzes a wide variety of chemical reactions via ionic interactions or acid-base reactions. However, amino acids cannot catalyze oxidation-reduction and group transfer reactions and need to be aided by non-protein components called cofactors. Cofactors are also referred to as the chemical teeth of an enzyme.
Cofactors can be metallic ions or organic molecules called coenzymes. These types of helper...
Cofactors and Coenzymes01:27

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Enzymes require additional components for proper function. There are two such classes of molecules: cofactors and coenzymes. Cofactors are metallic ions and coenzymes are non-protein organic molecules. Both of these types of helper molecule can be tightly bound to the enzyme or bound only when the substrate binds.
C4 Pathway and CAM01:27

C4 Pathway and CAM

Most plants use the C3 pathway for carbon fixation. However, some plants, such as sugar cane, corn, and cacti that grow in hot conditions, use alternative pathways to fix carbon and conserve energy loss due to photorespiration. Photorespiration is the process that occurs when the oxygen concentration is high. Under such conditions, the rubisco enzyme in the Calvin cycle binds O2 instead of CO2, which halts photosynthesis and consumes energy.
C4 Pathway
The C4 pathway is used by plants such as...

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Correspondence on "Fortification of FeS Clusters Reshapes Anaerobic CO Dehydrogenase Into an Air-Viable Enzyme Through Multilayered Sealing of O<sub>2</sub> Tunnels".

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Direct Electrochemistry of Hydrogenase, Formate Dehydrogenase, CO Dehydrogenase, and Nitrogenase: Wiring Strategies and Mechanistic Insights into Metalloenzymes That Produce Solar Fuels.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Electroenzymatic CO2 Fixation.

Leonardo Castañeda-Losada1, Michael Richter1, Christophe Léger2

  • 1Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB, Bio-, Chemo- and Electrocatalysis BioCat, Straubing, Germany.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electroenzymatic carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation uses enzymes for efficient and selective chemical synthesis from renewable resources. This approach offers a sustainable alternative to fossil fuels for producing valuable chemicals.

Keywords:
aerobic stabilitycatalytic reversibilitycofactor regenerationconfinementelectron mediation

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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

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Last Updated: May 26, 2026

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
10:57

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry
06:53

Visualization of Mitochondrial Respiratory Function using Cytochrome C Oxidase / Succinate Dehydrogenase (COX/SDH) Double-labeling Histochemistry

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Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy
07:36

Versatile CO2 Transformations into Complex Products: A One-pot Two-step Strategy

Published on: November 9, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Electrochemistry
  • Sustainable Chemistry

Background:

  • Fossil resource depletion necessitates renewable alternatives for chemical production.
  • Highly integrated, energy-efficient, and selective CO2 utilization is crucial.
  • Electroenzymatic CO2 fixation presents a promising sustainable pathway.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the principles of bioelectrocatalytic CO2 conversion using enzymes.
  • To overview available enzymes, their product range, and thermodynamic/kinetic factors.
  • To highlight the potential and limitations of electrochemical CO2 fixation for sustainable synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental principles of electroenzymatic CO2 conversion.
  • Analysis of reductases and carboxylases for CO2 fixation.
  • Examination of enzyme product range, thermodynamics, and kinetics.

Main Results:

  • Electroenzymatic CO2 fixation offers high energy efficiency and selectivity.
  • Enzymes like reductases and carboxylases are key to bioelectrocatalytic CO2 conversion.
  • Potential and limitations of electrochemical CO2 fixation are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Electroenzymatic CO2 fixation is a viable approach for synthesizing complex molecules.
  • Further progress in enzyme discovery and engineering is needed.
  • This method holds potential for sustainable fine and specialty chemical synthesis.