Building the next frontier: Artificial intelligence in 3D-printed medicines

Artificial intelligence (AI) and 3D printing are transforming pharmaceutical manufacturing by enabling the production of personalized medications. AI supports real-time decision-making in diagnostics and robotics, although its application in pharmaceutical research remains at an early stage. 3D printing, particularly additive manufacturing, provides precise control over drug formulation, allowing the design of patient-specific dosage forms with tailored release profiles. Machine learning and deep neural networks are used to predict formulation parameters, optimize processing conditions, and support the design of innovative drug delivery geometries. Technological platforms such as cloud computing and blockchain enhance data security, transparency, and scalability. Printable materials-including thermoplastic polymers, hydrogels, and bioinks-demonstrate utility in AI-assisted manufacturing systems. The integration of AI, smart materials, and 3D printing advances intelligent drug production technologies aligned with Industry 4.0 principles. Key considerations include regulatory compliance, data reliability, ethical implications, and pathways for clinical translation. Clinical medicine is rapidly advancing through the adoption of 3D printing and AI, enabling personalized prosthetics, accurate surgical planning, and bioprinted tissues. AI-driven segmentation and optimization enhance the accuracy and efficiency of 3D-printed anatomical models for pre-operative preparations and medical training. Cardiology, oncology, and orthopedics are increasingly adopting these technologies to improve patient outcomes and clinical workflows. Future directions include broader adoption across specialties, bioprinting for regenerative health care, and AI-optimized systems for targeted drug delivery. This review addresses the current challenges and limitations of AI and 3D-printed medicines, pharmaceutical manufacturing, case studies, ethical considerations, and future perspectives.