In vitro study of biologically synthesized MgO nanoparticles cytotoxicity in cancer cell lines

The synthesis of MgO nanoparticles (NPs) using Endocomia macrocoma leaf extract was successfully achieved and confirmed through various characterization techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, DLS, FESEM with EDX, TEM, TGA, and DSC. UV-vis analysis revealed a bandgap of 3.81 eV and an Urbach energy of 5 meV. SEM/HRTEM images showed quasi-spherical MgO NPs with sizes ranging from 30 to 60 nm. The synthesised nanoparticles exhibited strong antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, and B. cereus, with MIC values of 180 and 240 µg/ml. Significant radical scavenging activity was observed, with an IC₅₀ value of 125 µg/ml in the DPPH assay compared to standard ascorbic acid. Anticancer activity was demonstrated against esophageal (KYSE-30) and pancreatic (PANC2) cancer cell lines, with IC₅₀ values of 54.41 µg/ml and 34.56 µg/ml, respectively. Anti-ROS analysis indicated 85-86% cell viability, confirming the nanoparticles' role in modulating oxidative stress. Collectively, these findings highlight the therapeutic potential of E. macrocoma derived MgO NPs for antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer applications.