The Gut-Brain Axis-From Science to Clinical Practice

Area of Science:

• Neurogastroenterology
• Microbiome research
• Brain-gut interactions

Background:

• The gut-brain axis, a bidirectional communication pathway, has historical roots and is exemplified by stress's impact on gastrointestinal function.
• Brain-to-gut signaling occurs via the autonomic nervous system and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; gut-to-brain signaling is largely subconscious.
• Neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's affect both the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the established gut-brain axis.
• To introduce the emerging concept of the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
• To discuss the implications of the microbiome-gut-brain axis for neurological and psychological disorders.

Main Methods:

• Review of existing literature on the gut-brain axis.
• Examination of animal studies investigating the microbiome-gut-brain axis.
• Discussion of challenges and preliminary findings in human studies.

Main Results:

• The gut-brain axis is well-established, with stress significantly impacting gut function.
• Animal studies demonstrate the microbiome's influence on brain morphology, function, and behavior.
• Human studies on the microbiome-gut-brain axis are challenging but show potential therapeutic implications.

Conclusions:

• The microbiome-gut-brain axis is a rapidly developing field with potential therapeutic applications.
• Further human research is needed to fully understand the microbiome's role in neurological and psychological health.
• Caution is advised in attributing direct pathogenicity to gut microbiome-brain interactions pending more human data.