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Related Concept Videos

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 26, 2026

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition
09:05

In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study Corneal Endothelial-mesenchymal Transition

Published on: August 20, 2016

Injectable corneal endothelial cell therapy: recent progress, translational barriers, and future directions.

Ghadeer Mohammed1, Muhammad Abbas Tayyab2, Jaffer Hussain2

  • 1University of Kufa College of Medicine, Najaf, Iraq.

Frontiers in Ophthalmology
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Injectable corneal endothelial cell (CEC) therapy offers a promising alternative to traditional corneal transplantation for endothelial dysfunction. Ongoing research focuses on optimizing cell delivery and ensuring long-term safety for widespread clinical use.

Keywords:
cell therapycorneal endothelial dysfunctionfuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD)human corneal endothelial cells (HCECs)injectable endothelial cell transplantationpseudophakic bullous keratopathy (PBK)

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Published on: November 17, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Cell Therapy

Background:

  • Corneal endothelial dysfunction, often from Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy or pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, causes vision loss when endothelial cell density decreases.
  • Current treatments like Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty face challenges including donor scarcity and immune rejection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in injectable corneal endothelial cell (CEC) therapy.
  • To critically evaluate the translational challenges of this regenerative approach.
  • To discuss future directions for establishing CEC injection as a global treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review of pre-clinical and clinical studies on CEC injection therapy.
  • Analysis of literature on Human corneal endothelial cells (HCEC) preparation, culture, delivery methods, and cell survival strategies.
  • Inclusion of studies on preclinical models and human clinical trials to assess safety and efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Injectable CEC therapy has advanced, with ROCK inhibitors improving corneal transparency in conjunction with cultured CECs.
  • Novel delivery techniques such as hydrogels and magnetically guided injections show promise in preclinical studies.
  • Challenges remain in maintaining cell phenotypic stability and ensuring long-term safety and efficacy in human trials.

Conclusions:

  • Injectable CEC therapy presents a minimally invasive alternative to corneal transplantation for endothelial failure.
  • Encouraging early clinical outcomes necessitate further optimization of cell preparation and delivery.
  • Establishing this therapy as a scalable, globally applicable treatment requires addressing long-term safety and efficacy concerns.