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Updated: May 28, 2026

Emergency Undocking in Robotic Surgery: A Simulation Curriculum
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Published on: May 20, 2018

Simulation Training in Video-Assisted and Robotic-Assisted Cardiac Surgery: A Narrative Review.

Fatemeh H Nameghi1, Jason M Ali1,2

  • 1Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0AY, UK.

Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Minimal access cardiac surgery (MACS) simulation training is crucial for managing its learning curve. This review highlights the growing focus on simulation, particularly for mitral valve procedures, across various platforms.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Surgery
  • Medical Simulation
  • Surgical Education

Background:

  • Minimal access cardiac surgery (MACS) offers improved outcomes for high-risk patients.
  • A significant learning curve exists for mastering MACS techniques.
  • Surgical simulation training is a key strategy to address this learning curve.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a narrative review of existing literature on simulation training for MACS.
  • To identify trends in simulation platforms, surgical approaches, and procedures studied.
  • To assess the evaluation methods for surgical skill and simulation fidelity.

Main Methods:

  • A narrative review methodology was employed.
  • A systematic search strategy identified relevant studies on MACS simulation training.
Keywords:
minimal access cardiac surgerysimulationtraining

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  • Included studies were categorized by simulation fidelity, surgical approach, and procedure type.

    • Main Results:

    • Twenty studies were identified, utilizing high-fidelity (n=8), low-fidelity (n=6), and animal models (n=6).
    • Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and robotic-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (RATS) were the primary approaches studied.
    • Minimal access mitral valve (MV) repair was the most frequently simulated procedure (n=16).
    • Most studies (n=16) assessed the impact of simulation on surgical skill, with varied assessment tools and fidelity testing (n=4).

    Conclusions:

    • Publications on MACS simulation training are increasing, with balanced use of bench and animal models.
    • There is a clear trend towards simulating mitral valve procedures, indicating a need for expanded training scope.
    • Standardization of assessment tools for surgical skill and fidelity in MACS simulation is warranted.