Atmospheric Cold Microwave Argon Plasma for Decontamination of Dental Implant Surfaces: An In Vitro Experimental...

Dental implants are widely used to replace missing teeth, but peri-implantitis remains a major biological complication associated with bacterial biofilm formation on implant surfaces. The increasing incidence of peri-implant infections underscores the need for alternative antimicrobial strategies that effectively decontaminate complex titanium implant surfaces. This study evaluated the inhibitory effect of low-temperature microwave argon plasma on bacteria in an experimental model simulating peri-implant conditions and compared the responses of microorganisms with different biological characteristics. A 3D-printed mandibular bone segment model with an inserted Straumann BLX Roxolid^® dental implant was used to reproduce the peri-implant environment. Bacterial suspensions of Streptococcus mutans NBIMCC 1786 and the extremophilic bacterium Chromohalobacter canadensis NBIMCC 9077 have been exposed to a microwave non-equilibrium argon plasma jet (2.45 GHz, atmospheric pressure) for 1-7 min. Optical density measurements and colony growth analysis were used to assess antimicrobial effects. Plasma treatment induced a pronounced reduction in bacterial growth during the early post-treatment period. In C. canadensis, growth inhibition reached a plateau (~47-55% at 24 h) regardless of exposure time. In contrast, S. mutans showed a nonlinear response, with stable inhibition after short exposures (1-3 min) and partial recovery after longer treatments (5-7 min). These findings indicate that microwave argon plasma exhibits significant antimicrobial activity under controlled in vitro conditions, although its effectiveness depends on microorganism-specific biological characteristics. Because the present model was based on simplified single-species systems, direct clinical extrapolation remains limited and should be addressed in future studies using polymicrobial peri-implant biofilm models.