Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Mice with humanized FXR ligand-binding domain display distinct metabolic responses upon pharmacological FXR stimulation.

Journal of lipid research·2026

Same author

Artificial intelligence for the prediction of prognosis in colorectal cancer patients using routine blood indices.

NPJ digital medicine·2026

Same author

Engineered skin commensal nanogels mitigate psoriasiform inflammation through dual regulation of cutaneous flora and host immunity.

Materials today. Bio·2026

Same author

Glycolysis-driven cancer-associated fibroblasts shape T-Cell exclusion via the CXCL16-CXCR6 Axis: a metabolic-chemokine mechanism in tumor immunity.

Journal of translational medicine·2026

Same author

Global Research Progress of Sepsis and Mitochondria: Bibliometrics and Visualized Analysis.

Current medicinal chemistry·2026

Same author

Farnesoid x Receptor Deficiency Promotes Hepatocytic Injury in Cyp2c70-Deficient Mice With a Human-Like Bile Acid Composition.

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver·2026

Same journal

RETRACTED: Al-Hussain et al. Application of New Sodium Vinyl Sulfonate-co-2-Acrylamido-2-me[thylpropane Sulfonic Acid Sodium Salt-Magnetite Cryogel Nanocomposites for Fast Methylene Blue Removal from Industrial Waste Water. <i>Nanomaterials</i> 2018, <i>8</i>, 878.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Correction: Jiang et al. Methods for Obtaining One Single Larmor Frequency, Either <i>v</i><sub>1</sub> or <i>v</i><sub>2</sub>, in the Coherent Spin Dynamics of Colloidal Quantum Dots. <i>Nanomaterials</i> 2023, <i>13</i>, 2006.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Correction: Ekman et al. Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties of Nitrogen-Doped Nanoporous Biochar: Efficient Removal of Reactive Orange 16 Dye and Colorful Effluents. <i>Nanomaterials</i> 2023, <i>13</i>, 2045.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub>x</sub>-Based Materials and Coatings for De-Icing and Defogging of Wind Turbine Blades: Materials Basis, Structural Design, Engineering Integration, and Future Opportunities.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Influence of the Ripeness Stages of the Precursors on the Optical Characteristics of Carbon Dots Obtained from Valencia Orange Peels (<i>Citrus sinensis</i> L. Osbeck) by Hydrothermal Synthesis.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Insights into ALD Growth of Al-Based Dielectric Stack on 4H-SiC.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Published on: May 23, 2018

Defect-Engineered VO₂ Films: From Abrupt Phase Transition to Continuous Infrared Modulation via High-Vacuum

Lin Liu¹, Jinxiao Li¹, Lei Wu¹

¹School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)

|May 26, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a dopant-free annealing method to control vanadium dioxide (VO2) films by engineering oxygen vacancies. This technique enables tunable electrical and infrared properties for advanced devices without complex processing.

Keywords:

VO2 films defect engineering high-vacuum annealing infrared emissivity metal–insulator transition

More Related Videos

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VO_x

Published on: May 13, 2020

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Published on: May 23, 2018

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VOx

In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy with Biasing and Fabrication of Asymmetric Crossbars Based on Mixed-Phased a-VO_x

Published on: May 13, 2020

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Characterization of Anisotropic Leaky Mode Modulators for Holovideo

Published on: March 19, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

Vanadium dioxide (VO2) exhibits a metal-insulator transition (MIT) crucial for applications like smart windows and sensors.
Conventional tuning methods (doping, heterostructures) face challenges like complex processing and poor uniformity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate a dopant-free, high-vacuum annealing strategy for VO2 films.
To regulate VO2's structural evolution via oxygen-vacancy engineering.
To clarify the impact of oxygen vacancies on electrical switching and infrared emissivity.

Main Methods:

High-vacuum annealing of VO2 films at varying temperatures (9 × 10⁻⁴ Pa).
Oxygen-vacancy engineering through controlled annealing.
Analysis of structural evolution, electrical MIT, and infrared emissivity.

Main Results:

Annealing induced oxygen vacancies, converting V⁴⁺ to V³⁺ and causing distinct structural stages.
Electrical MIT temperature decreased with annealing, but switching ratio collapsed at a critical point.
Infrared emissivity transitioned from abrupt switching to continuous modulation, starting earlier than electrical MIT collapse.

Conclusions:

Oxygen-vacancy engineering via high-vacuum annealing offers a scalable, impurity-free method to tune VO2 properties.
This approach allows for reconfigurable electrical and infrared responses in VO2 devices.
The study reveals the interplay between oxygen vacancies, structural stability, and device performance.