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Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
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Hearing Assessment in HIV-Exposed-Uninfected Infants.

Amanda Zanatta Berticcelli1, Andréa Lúcia Corso1,2,3, Pâmela Panassol1

  • 1Post-Graduate Program in Child and Adolescent Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Brazil.

Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary

HIV-exposed but uninfected infants show a high prevalence of conductive hearing loss. Early auditory monitoring is crucial for these children to detect and manage potential hearing impairments.

Keywords:
HIVauditory evoked potentialsexposed uninfectedhearing lossinfantvertical transmission

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Audiology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) can cause auditory system complications.
  • HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU) infants may have an increased risk of hearing loss (HL).
  • Existing literature is inconclusive on the association between HEU status and HL.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate hearing function in HEU infants during early infancy.
  • To correlate hearing findings with maternal, gestational, and neonatal variables.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study of HEU infants in southern Brazil (2021-2023).
  • Collected maternal, gestational, and neonatal data.
  • Performed audiological assessments at ~6 months, including tympanometry and Auditory Brainstem Response.

Main Results:

  • One infant (2.6%) had sensorineural HL; 13 (34.2%) had conductive HL (unilateral/bilateral).
  • No associations found between HL and maternal, gestational, or neonatal variables.
  • Higher maternal CD4 counts correlated with increased risk of conductive HL.

Conclusions:

  • HEU infants exhibit a high prevalence of conductive hearing loss.
  • Auditory monitoring is essential for HEU infants in their first years of life.