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A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons (Columba Livia)
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Published on: September 7, 2018

Blindness to minority absence.

Rasha Kardosh1, Asael Y Sklar2, Kalman Victor1

  • 1Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People often overlook the absence of minority groups due to cognitive biases, even when it

Keywords:
absence blindnesscognitiondiversity

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Science
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Human cognition is heavily influenced by environmental presence, often neglecting absences.
  • This can result in social biases, particularly overlooking the absence of minority groups in significant contexts like education and workplaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the phenomenon of 'blindness to minority absence' across different cultures and settings.
  • To determine the persistence of this blindness and the factors influencing its detection.
  • To explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying the differential perception of presence versus absence of majority and minority groups.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted three preregistered field studies across two cultures.
  • Performed eight preregistered laboratory experiments, including conditions with monetary incentives.
  • Assessed participants' awareness of minority and majority group absences and presences.

Main Results:

  • Robust evidence of blindness to minority absence was found, persisting for years.
  • Participants were more likely to notice the presence of a single minority member than the complete absence of a minority group.
  • The absence of majority group members was significantly more noticeable than minority absences.

Conclusions:

  • Basic cognitive constraints lead to a bias where minority absences are often overlooked, while majority absences and minority presences are more readily perceived.
  • This 'blindness to minority absence' can hinder the creation of inclusive social environments.
  • Highlighting overlooked minority absences can increase support for diversity initiatives.