Neutrophil extracellular traps: A central player in liver diseases

Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are known for their propensity to expel decondensed chromatin embedded with inflammatory proteins, which can entrap and kill pathogens. The destructive role of NETs in sterile liver inflammation has also been elucidated. Therefore, NETs appear to have both beneficial and pathogenic roles for varying diseases of the liver. In this review, we discuss recent findings related to NETs in inflammatory and fibrotic liver diseases as well as liver cancer. We provide a comprehensive overview of the underlying factors contributing to NET formation within the hepatic microenvironment, encompassing diverse pathological contexts. Moreover, we shed light on the multifaceted involvement of NETs in processes such as liver inflammation, fibrosis, and premalignant conditions. We also provide insights into the roles of NETs in providing a tumor-feeding niche for HCC survival and liver metastasis of other cancers. Finally, we will discuss potential therapies targeting NETs for future application in liver diseases. By reviewing these intricate interactions, we aim to enhance our understanding of the complex role played by NETs in hepatic pathophysiology.