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Related Concept Videos

Second Uniqueness Theorem01:16

Second Uniqueness Theorem

Consider a region consisting of several individual conductors with a definite charge density in the region between these conductors. The second uniqueness theorem states that if the total charge on each conductor and the charge density in the in-between region are known, then the electric field can be uniquely determined.
In contrast, consider that the electric field is non-unique and apply Gauss's law in divergence form in the region between the conductors and the integral form to the surface...
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics01:14

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. By the zeroth...
Norton's Theorem01:14

Norton's Theorem

Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the one depicted in...
Null and Alternative Hypotheses01:16

Null and Alternative Hypotheses

The actual hypothesis testing begins by considering two hypotheses. They are termed  the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. These hypotheses contain opposing viewpoints.
The null hypothesis, denoted by H0 is a statement of no difference between the variables—they are not related. This can often be considered the status quo. As  a result if you cannot accept the null, it requires some action.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is a claim about the population that is...
Principle of Equivalence01:18

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for example, diving towards the Earth from an airplane, they would feel completely weightless. Similarly, a person descending in a lift may feel partially weightless. Broadly speaking, it is assumed that an object in a uniform gravitational field and an object undergoing constant acceleration in the absence of gravity are under the same...
Alternative Sets of Equilibrium Equations01:31

Alternative Sets of Equilibrium Equations

When analyzing the behavior of structures, engineers often rely on the concept of equilibrium. This refers to the state where all forces and moments acting on a system balance each other, resulting in no net movement or rotation. In many cases, equilibrium can be described by a set of standard equations. However, in some situations, alternative sets of equilibrium equations must be used to describe the system's behavior accurately.
One example of such a situation can be observed in a...

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Related Experiment Videos

Experimental asymmetric relativistic zero-knowledge proofs with unconditional security.

Chen-Xun Weng1,2,3, Ming-Yang Li1,2, Nai-Rui Xu4

  • 1National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.

Nature Communications
|May 26, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed an efficient quantum-safe zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) using relativity, improving practical feasibility for secure digital transactions. This new relativistic ZKP protocol offers robust privacy against quantum attacks in the internet environment.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Cryptography
  • Quantum Information Science
  • Theoretical Computer Science

Background:

  • Zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) are crucial for privacy in digital economies but classical methods face quantum threats.
  • Existing quantum-sound ZKPs are computationally intensive and impractical due to high round complexity.
  • Relativistic ZKPs offer a potential solution but require efficient protocol designs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient asymmetric relativistic zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) protocol.
  • To ensure quantum soundness for cryptographic applications in distrustful environments.
  • To enhance the practical feasibility of ZKPs against quantum attacks.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an asymmetric relativistic ZKP protocol utilizing relativistic bit commitments.
  • Proved quantum soundness by establishing a connection to the nonlocal Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) game.
  • Implemented a proof-of-principle experiment to demonstrate practical performance.

Main Results:

  • The protocol exhibits a linear relationship between round complexity and the number of edges, enhancing feasibility.
  • Experimental results show interactive rounds completed in approximately 0.22 seconds.
  • The experiment required an overall randomness cost of 430.81 MB.

Conclusions:

  • The developed relativistic ZKP protocol is efficient and quantum-sound, offering practical cryptographic solutions.
  • Integrating special relativity and quantum theory shows significant potential for trustless cryptography.
  • This work paves the way for robust, quantum-resistant applications in the internet environment.