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Indirect Motor Pathways

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Visual System

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
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Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
The cilia are made up of microtubules in a 9+2 arrangement, with nine microtubule doublet ring bundles, surrounding a pair of central singlet microtubule bundles. The doublet microtubule bundles are...

Mechanism of Ciliary Motion

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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

Published on: April 16, 2014

Mechanisms of Visuomotor Interception.

Inmaculada Márquez^1,2,3, Mario Treviño¹

¹Laboratorio de Plasticidad Cortical y Aprendizaje Perceptual, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Francisco de Quevedo 180, Arcos Vallarta, Guadalajara 44130, Jalisco, Mexico.

|May 27, 2026

Summary

Visuomotor interception involves a dynamic interplay between predictive control and online corrections, not solely one or the other. This interaction is crucial for aligning actions with moving targets despite sensory and motor delays.

Keywords:

eye movements internal models predictive processing reinforcement learning sensorimotor control visuomotor interception

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Methods to Explore the Influence of Top-down Visual Processes on Motor Behavior

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Published on: April 16, 2014

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Motor Control
Human Factors

Background:

Visuomotor interception requires precise action-target alignment under sensory and motor delays.
This process serves as a model for understanding predictive and feedback-driven control interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

To review theoretical and empirical findings on visuomotor interception.
To examine the integration of predictive and online control mechanisms at behavioral and neural levels.

Main Methods:

Narrative synthesis of behavioral, eye-tracking, computational, and neurophysiological studies.
Literature search across major databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar).
Comparison of internal model, ecological, and hybrid frameworks, organizing evidence by spatial and temporal control components.

Main Results:

Interception behavior results from continuous interaction between anticipatory guidance and online correction.
Spatial and temporal control components show partial dissociation.
Distributed neural circuits (parietal, frontal, cerebellar, subcortical) and eye movements are actively involved.

Conclusions:

Interception arises from interacting biological, environmental, and learned constraints.
Distinct mechanisms can produce similar behavioral outcomes, refuting a single unified account.
Future progress necessitates integrating behavioral, model-based, and neural approaches.