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Related Concept Videos

Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Synthesis of Aptamer-PEI-g-PEG Modified Gold Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxorubicin for Targeted Drug Delivery
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Synthesis of Aptamer-PEI-g-PEG Modified Gold Nanoparticles Loaded with Doxorubicin for Targeted Drug Delivery

Published on: June 23, 2020

Oxidative Stress-Guided Gold Nanoparticles for Cancer Theranostics.

Yubin Jin1,2, Jiaxuan Zhu2, Yang Yang1,2

  • 1The Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University (Yanbian Hospital), Yanji 133000, China.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) show promise for cancer theranostics by enhancing radiotherapy and enabling targeted drug delivery. Optimizing their use requires understanding how redox conditions influence treatment effectiveness and diagnostic accuracy.

Keywords:
cancer theranosticsgold nanoparticlesoxidative stressphotodynamic therapyphotothermal therapyradiosensitizationreactive oxygen speciestumor microenvironment

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Preparation and Photoacoustic Analysis of Cellular Vehicles Containing Gold Nanorods
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Preparation and Photoacoustic Analysis of Cellular Vehicles Containing Gold Nanorods

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Preparation and Photoacoustic Analysis of Cellular Vehicles Containing Gold Nanorods
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Preparation and Photoacoustic Analysis of Cellular Vehicles Containing Gold Nanorods

Published on: May 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are versatile for cancer theranostics due to their X-ray enhancement, photothermal/photoacoustic properties, and surface functionalization.
  • Therapeutic efficacy of AuNPs is limited by heterogeneous tumor uptake, coverage, and subcellular localization, impacting their conversion to biologically effective damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore how the tumor's redox microenvironment influences the efficacy of gold nanoparticle-based cancer theranostics.
  • To investigate the role of redox context in modulating AuNP-triggered physical and catalytic events for cancer treatment and diagnosis.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated AuNP interactions with cellular redox systems during radiotherapy and catalytic nanozyme activity.
  • Analyzed AuNP-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation under photoactivation.
  • Utilized CT, spectral CT, photoacoustic, SERS, and fluorescence probes for quantifying tumor gold burden and redox responses.

Main Results:

  • AuNPs enhance radiotherapy by increasing ROS formation, particularly when antioxidant defenses (GSH, thioredoxin, KEAP1-NRF2) are insufficient.
  • Au-based nanozymes can convert H2O2 into radicals and deplete glutathione, amplifying oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage.
  • Photoactivation of AuNPs modulates ROS generation temporally and spatially, with diagnostic tools verifying redox activation.

Conclusions:

  • The therapeutic benefit of AuNPs is critically dependent on the tumor's redox microenvironment, influencing their physical and catalytic activities.
  • Integrating quantitative diagnostics (CT, spectral CT, ROS probes) with treatment monitoring is crucial for clinical translation.
  • Future clinical translation requires optimized dosing, defined spatial coverage, controlled activation timing, standardized redox readouts, and safety assessments.