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Related Concept Videos

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition01:22

Sperm Structure and Semen Composition

During ejaculation, males release around 2-5 milliliters of semen, which is a complex mixture of mature sperm and various fluids produced by accessory glands. The mature sperm cells measure approximately 60 micrometers in length and consist of a head, neck, midpiece, and tail. The head is flattened and tapered, measuring about 4 to 5 micrometers in length. It contains a nucleus with condensed chromosomes and an acrosome, a cap-like structure filled with enzymes essential for penetrating the...

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Updated: May 28, 2026

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Biomarkers for Detecting Human Sperm Functional Defects
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Seminal Fluid Biomarkers for Early Cancer Detection: A Systematic Review.

Guzel R Sagitova1,2, Anna V Slizova1, Andrey O Morozov3

  • 1Institute of Molecular Theranostics, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.

Biomedicines
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Seminal fluid contains molecular signals for early cancer detection, including cell-free DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites. Further research with standardized protocols is needed for clinical use.

Keywords:
biomarkerscell-free DNAliquid biopsymetabolomicsmicroRNAprostate cancersementesticular cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Biomarker Discovery
  • Molecular Diagnostics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Early detection of prostate and testicular tumors is challenging due to limitations in current diagnostic tools.
  • Seminal fluid offers a promising non-invasive source for molecular biomarkers reflecting male reproductive tissue health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically evaluate evidence on cell-free DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites in seminal fluid.
  • To assess the potential of these biomarkers for improving early detection of male reproductive cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines.
  • Searched PubMed and Scopus for original clinical studies on seminal fluid biomarkers in prostate or testicular cancer patients.
  • Extracted data on biomarker types, cohort characteristics, analytical methods, and diagnostic performance.

Main Results:

  • Forty-two studies analyzed various biomarkers; most were observational with level 3b evidence.
  • Cell-free DNA alterations showed high sensitivity (up to 100%) for distinguishing malignant from benign conditions.
  • RNA markers, proteins, and metabolites demonstrated diagnostic potential, with some models achieving AUCs of 0.85-0.93.
  • Seminal citrate outperformed PSA in one study; amino acid and lipid profiles shifted in testicular tumors.
  • Significant heterogeneity in study design and lack of prospective validation were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Seminal fluid harbors molecular signals associated with tumors, indicating diagnostic potential.
  • Current evidence is largely exploratory and methodologically diverse.
  • Robust prospective studies with standardized protocols are essential before clinical implementation.