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Published on: September 19, 2014
Near-Infrared Imaging in Small Animal Surgical Oncology: Current Applications and Future Directions
1Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 300 W Drake Rd, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
Animals : an Open Access Journal From MDPI
|May 27, 2026
Summary
Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging aids veterinary cancer surgery by improving visualization of tumors and lymph nodes. Further research is needed to optimize protocols and integrate this technology into routine companion animal oncologic surgery.
Area of Science:
- Veterinary medicine
- Surgical oncology
- Medical imaging
Background:
- Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging is widely used in human cancer surgery for enhanced visualization.
- Its adoption in small animal surgical oncology is growing for tumor imaging and sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping.
- Clinical veterinary application lags behind human use, requiring further research.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review current applications of NIR imaging in companion animal oncologic surgery.
- To discuss techniques, imaging agents, and clinical uses.
- To identify limitations and emerging technologies in veterinary NIR imaging.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of NIR imaging applications in companion animal oncologic surgery.
- Summary of dye administration techniques and imaging agents.
- Discussion of clinical uses across various tumor types.
Main Results:
- NIR imaging aids in visualizing tumors, metastatic lesions, and SLNs in companion animals.
- Common agents like indocyanine green show limitations in tumor specificity and tissue penetration.
- Variability in protocols and limited species-specific data exist.
Conclusions:
- NIR imaging shows promise as an adjunct in small animal surgical oncology.
- Further standardization, research, and development of targeted agents are necessary for broader clinical integration.
- Defining indications and impact on outcomes is crucial for veterinary adoption.

