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Related Concept Videos

Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture01:26

Sputum Studies I: Gram Stain, cytology, and Acid-fast smear and culture

Sputum studies are a critical part of diagnosing and treating numerous respiratory conditions. These studies involve obtaining sputum samples for analysis to identify pathogenic organisms and assess the presence of abnormal cells indicative of malignant conditions. This lesson will delve into three fundamental sputum studies: Gram Stain, Cytology, and Acid-fast Smear and Culture.
Gram Stain
The Gram Stain is an integral part of sputum studies. It involves the staining of sputum, which permits...
Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity01:20

Sputum Studies II: Culture and Sensitivity

Description
Sputum culture and sensitivity is a medical procedure used to diagnose bacterial infections in the respiratory tract and select the most appropriate antibiotics for treatment. This process involves analyzing sputum samples of thick and opaque secretions produced in the lungs and airways. These samples are collected from patients and then sent to the laboratory for analysis.
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Staphylococcal Skin Infections01:29

Staphylococcal Skin Infections

Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive coccus that resides harmlessly on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. When the skin barrier is breached, it can shift from a commensal to an opportunistic pathogen. This transition is facilitated by surface adhesins, such as clumping factor B and S. aureus surface protein G (SasG), which bind to structural proteins, including loricrin and cytokeratin, in the damaged epidermis. Protein A, another key factor, binds the Fc region of...
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Serum Laboratory Studies, Stool Test, Breath Test

Gastrointestinal (GI) diagnostic studies are pivotal in confirming, ruling out, diagnosing, or staging various diseases, including cancers. Following diagnosis, allocating time for discussions with the patient and providing informational resources is crucial. Diagnostic assessments of the GI tract often occur in outpatient settings like endoscopy suites or GI labs. Preparation for these tests may include dietary restrictions, fasting, liquid bowel preparations, laxatives, enemas, and the...
Rapid Identification of Pathogens01:25

Rapid Identification of Pathogens

MALDI-TOF MS has transformed clinical microbiology by offering a rapid and reliable method for pathogen identification. The traditional approach to microbial identification typically involves time-consuming culture techniques and biochemical tests, which can delay the initiation of appropriate antimicrobial therapy. MALDI-TOF MS avoids these delays by using characteristic ribosomal protein mass patterns of microbial cells, enabling accurate species-level identification within minutes.Principle...
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Automated Microbial Diagnostics

Automated diagnostic analyzers have transformed clinical microbiology by providing rapid and reliable methods for pathogen identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Among these systems, the Vitek 2 is widely used because it automates the traditionally labor-intensive processes of microbial identification (ID) and antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST), delivering standardized and timely results that are essential for effective patient care.Microbial Identification with ID CardsThe...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Capturing Actively Produced Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Human-Associated Samples with Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction
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Capturing Actively Produced Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds from Human-Associated Samples with Vacuum-Assisted Sorbent Extraction

Published on: June 1, 2022

Headspace Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Profiling of Infected and Non-Infected Wound Swabs-A Pilot Study.

Shane Fitzgerald1, Linda Holland2, Melissa Finnegan1

  • 1School of Chemical Sciences, Insight Research Ireland Centre for Data Analytics, Dublin City University, D09 V209 Dublin, Ireland.

Biomolecules
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Detecting chronic wound infections early is crucial. This study found that specific volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, can effectively indicate infection presence and severity.

Keywords:
GCMSSPMEVOCsinfectionwound

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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Published on: December 5, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Wound Care Management

Background:

  • Chronic wound infections pose a significant global health challenge, often leading to severe complications like limb amputation and mortality.
  • Early detection of wound infections is critical for improving treatment efficacy and patient outcomes.
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in wound exudates offer a promising, non-invasive biomarker for infection detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the potential of VOC profiling for differentiating infected from non-infected chronic wounds.
  • To identify specific VOCs that serve as reliable indicators of wound infection status and severity.

Main Methods:

  • Collected swab samples from 26 chronic wounds (16 infected, 10 non-infected) from 23 patients.
  • Utilized headspace-solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) for rapid VOC detection.
  • Analyzed 42 identified VOCs to compare profiles between infected and non-infected wound groups.

Main Results:

  • Infected wounds exhibited a higher diversity and abundance of VOCs compared to non-infected wounds.
  • A significant correlation was observed between the severity of infection and the number/abundance of detected VOCs.
  • Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched-chain fatty acids (BCFAs) were identified as key discriminators of infected wounds.

Conclusions:

  • VOC profiling using HS-GC-MS shows potential as a highly specific method for detecting chronic wound infections.
  • SCFAs and BCFAs are promising biomarkers for targeted wound infection diagnosis.
  • Further validation studies are necessary to establish this method for routine clinical application in wound care.