Additive Manufacturing of Engineered Tissue Constructs: Current Strategies and Future Directions

The advancement of modern regenerative medicine is closely associated with additive technologies that enable the creation of tissue-engineered constructs and personalized bioprostheses. Three-dimensional bioprinting allows precise modeling of tissue architecture and extracellular matrix microstructures. Recent studies demonstrate rapid growth in the use of 3D bioprinting for biomedical applications including regenerative medicine, pharmaceutical research, and biotechnology. Special attention is given to the development of bioinks that combine biological and structural functions and maintain cell viability during printing. Modern technologies allow the fabrication of skin, bone, vascular, and cartilage tissues with high structural accuracy. The technology is also actively used in reconstructive surgery for the production of personalized implants. However, challenges remain related to vascularization, standardization of materials, and ethical aspects of clinical use. This review summarizes the main principles of 3D bioprinting, technological approaches, biomedical applications, and future perspectives of additive technologies in regenerative medicine.