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Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Sampling, Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Release from Polypropylene Baby Feeding Bottle during Daily Use
05:48

Sampling, Identification and Characterization of Microplastics Release from Polypropylene Baby Feeding Bottle during Daily Use

Published on: July 24, 2021

Microplastics in Female Reproductive and Pregnancy Organs: A Systematic Review.

Bielka Carvajal1, Rayen Vivero Sun1, Francisca Piderit2

  • 1Department of Women's and Newborn Health Promotion, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago 8380453, Chile.

Life (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Microplastics (MPs) are found in maternal and fetal tissues, suggesting potential transfer during pregnancy. Standardized methods are needed to assess MP presence and health impacts.

Keywords:
meconiummicroplasticsplacentapregnancywomen’s health

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Reproductive Toxicology

Background:

  • Microplastics (MPs) are emerging environmental contaminants with potential human health implications.
  • Exposure to MPs may occur during pregnancy, raising concerns about fetal exposure and reproductive health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current evidence on the presence and distribution of microplastics in the female reproductive system and pregnancy-related organs.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted using Embase and Medline databases.
  • Included studies examined microplastics in human female reproductive or pregnancy-related tissues.

Main Results:

  • Eleven studies identified microplastics in follicular fluid, placenta, amniotic fluid, cord blood, and meconium.
  • Significant variability in MP detection due to differing protocols and analytical techniques was noted.
  • Cross-contamination and methodological variability are significant concerns.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence supports the possibility of in utero maternal-fetal MP transfer.
  • Standardized protocols are crucial for assessing MP presence and impact.
  • Current limitations hinder determination of clinical relevance of MP exposure during pregnancy.