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High-Sensitivity Low-Cost 2.61 GHz DGS Sensor for Non-Invasive Glucose Level Monitoring.

Felipe Lucena Souza Medeiros¹, Alexandre Jean René Serres¹, Georgina Karla de Freitas Serres¹

¹Department of Electrical Engineering, Federal University of Campina Grande, Campina Grande 58429-900, Brazil.

|May 27, 2026

Summary

A novel hairpin resonator with a defective ground structure (DGS) shows enhanced sensitivity for monitoring glucose levels in water. The DGS sensor provides stable and sensitive detection, indicating its potential for effective glucose monitoring applications.

Keywords:

diabetes glucose glycemic index monitoring low cost microwaves non-invasive sensor resonator

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Area of Science:

Electromagnetics
Sensor Technology
Biomedical Engineering

Background:

Accurate glucose monitoring is crucial for diabetes management.
Existing sensing technologies face challenges in sensitivity and stability.
Resonant sensors offer potential for non-invasive glucose detection.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a hairpin resonator with a defective ground structure (DGS) for enhanced sensitivity in monitoring water-glucose solutions.
To investigate the impact of DGS and sample placement on sensor performance.
To assess the sensor's potential for glucose-level monitoring applications.

Main Methods:

A loop-shaped (hairpin) resonator was designed and fabricated.
A defective ground structure (DGS) was incorporated into the resonator.
Resonant frequencies and reflection coefficients were measured.
Performance was evaluated with and without DGS under different sample-placement configurations (feed lines vs. ground plane).
Sensitivity was assessed using water-glucose solutions of varying concentrations (100-250 mg/dL).

Main Results:

The proposed sensor exhibited resonant frequencies at 2.61 GHz and 4.07 GHz.
The ground-plane configuration with DGS showed no frequency shift and distinct magnitude responses for different glucose concentrations (-41.91 dB to -49.69 dB).
The resonator with DGS demonstrated higher sensitivity and a more stable response pattern compared to the resonator without DGS.

Conclusions:

The hairpin resonator with DGS significantly enhances sensitivity for glucose monitoring in water.
The ground-plane sample placement configuration is optimal for this sensor.
The developed sensor shows strong potential for reliable and sensitive glucose-level monitoring.