A Comparative Analysis of the Properties of Coal Liquefaction Residues and Limestone Fine Aggregates

Coal liquefaction residues (CLRs), including both indirect (ICLR) and direct (DCLR) variants, represent industrial by-products whose conventional landfill disposal raises environmental concerns. This study comparatively analyzes ICLR and DCLR properties against limestone fine aggregates through physicochemical characterization. Results indicate that ICLR contains predominant SiO₂ crystalline phases (50.05%) with trace Fe-Ti-Al-Mg oxides, demonstrating higher Vickers hardness (615 HV vs. 246 HV for limestone) and elastic modulus (98 GPa vs. 81 GPa for limestone), while its apparent relative density (2.612) closely matches that of limestone (2.783). Conversely, DCLR features abundant carbonaceous components (75.9% C) with olefinic/aromatic structures (asphaltene content 66.2%), exhibiting lower mechanical strength (Vickers hardness 21 HV) but enhanced asphalt affinity, as indicated by strong C=C (1591 cm^-1) and aromatic C-H (744 cm^-1) absorption peaks in FTIR. Both CLRs share comparable gradation curves and micromorphological characteristics with limestone aggregates, including uniform surface scaly textures. While pore-size distributions differ minimally between CLRs, both present finer porosity than limestone and show no leachate toxicity risks, confirming their viability as sustainable alternatives to asphalt fine aggregates.