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Related Concept Videos

Laminar Flow01:27

Laminar Flow

Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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Control of Power Flow

There are several methods to control power flow in power systems:
General Characteristics of Pipe Flow I01:22

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Pipe flow refers to the movement of fluids within fully enclosed conduits, typically cylindrical in shape, such as water pipes or hydraulic hoses. These conduits are designed to withstand high-pressure gradients that drive fluid movement, contrasting with open-channel flows, where gravity is the primary driving force. Rectangular conduits, like air conditioning and heating ducts, generally operate at lower pressures and are less suited for high-pressure applications.
The classification of fluid...
Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts01:15

Thin-Walled Hollow Shafts

In analyzing a thin-walled hollow shaft subjected to torsional loading, a segment with width dx is isolated for examination. Despite its equilibrium state, this segment faces torsional shearing forces at its ends. These forces are quantitatively described by the product of the longitudinal shearing stress on the segment's minor surface and the area of this surface, leading to the concept of shear flow. This shear flow is consistent throughout the structure, indicating a uniform distribution of...
Couette Flow01:22

Couette Flow

Couette flow represents the flow of fluid between two parallel plates, with one plate fixed and the other moving with a constant velocity. This configuration allows for a simplified analysis using the Navier-Stokes equations, which govern fluid motion under conditions of viscosity and incompressibility. For Couette flow, the assumptions include a steady, laminar, incompressible flow with a zero-pressure gradient in the flow direction. This flow type is beneficial for understanding shear-driven...
Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving01:09

Turbulent Flow: Problem Solving

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Improving the Combustion Performance of a Hybrid Rocket Engine using a Novel Fuel Grain with a Nested Helical Structure
07:58

Improving the Combustion Performance of a Hybrid Rocket Engine using a Novel Fuel Grain with a Nested Helical Structure

Published on: January 18, 2021

Effects of Flow Distributor Position and Loosener Configuration on Particle Flow Behavior in a Hydrogen-Based Direct

Qingbin Xue1, Haotian Liao1, Qiqiang Zhao2

  • 1School of Metallurgical and Ecological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Flow distributor placement significantly impacts particle flow in direct reduction shaft furnaces. Optimizing its position and using a loosener balances flow uniformity and reduces particle degradation for better industrial operation.

Keywords:
discrete element methodhydrogen-based shaft furnaceinternal structureparticle flow behavior

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Metallurgical Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Direct reduction shaft furnaces are crucial for ironmaking.
  • Optimizing particle flow and minimizing degradation are key operational challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of flow distributor placement and loosener configuration on particle-flow behavior in a hydrogen-based direct reduction shaft furnace.
  • To identify optimal configurations for improved burden-flow regulation and reduced powder formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the discrete element method (DEM) for simulations.
  • Developed a 3D industrial-scale MIDREX-type shaft furnace model.
  • Analyzed four configurations varying flow distributor position and loosener settings.

Main Results:

  • Flow distributor placement is the primary factor for particle descending behavior and flow uniformity.
  • Locating the flow distributor in the cooling zone yielded the highest flow uniformity index (0.875).
  • The loosener significantly reduced powder formation ratio by 23.7% under the transition-zone configuration.

Conclusions:

  • Flow distributor position has a dominant effect on particle flow, mainly above the device.
  • The loosener effectively suppresses particle degradation with minimal impact on flow uniformity.
  • A balanced compromise for shaft furnace design involves placing the flow distributor in the transition zone with a retained loosener.