Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus ostreatus By-Products: Box-Behnken Optimization and...

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), the main by-product of mushroom production, is rich in valuable compounds that could be recovered by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and exploited as fat-mimetic functional ingredients in food formulations. In this study, low-fat cookie prototypes were developed by incorporating a dietary fiber extract obtained from SMS using UAE. The extraction process was optimized following a Box-Behnken experimental design, identifying optimal conditions at a specific energy input of 200 J/mL, a particle size of 2 mm, and a solvent-to-solute ratio of 27%, yielding a dietary fiber recovery of 30.82%. The optimized SMS extract exhibited high oil-holding capacity (OHC) (1.39 g/g), emulsion stability (ES) (80%), and foaming capacity (FC) (83.55%). Four cookie formulations were evaluated, among which G1 (50% fat replacement) showed the best balance between consumer acceptability and an improved nutritional profile, characterized by higher protein (8.4 g/100 g), total dietary fiber (TDF) (7.10 g/100 g), and mineral contents. Notably, G1 cookies displayed a significant reduction in predicted glycemic index (pGI), decreasing from 83.84 in the control to 69.65. Overall, these results demonstrate that optimized SMS-derived dietary fiber is an effective functional ingredient for the development of low-fat, high-fiber, and reduced-glycemic cookies, contributing to the valorization of agro-industrial by-products within a circular economy framework.