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Association Between Dietary Copper Intake and Incident Metabolic Syndrome in Chinese Adults: A Discrete-Time Hazard
Zhongting Lu1,2, Zhihong Wang1,2,3, Jiguo Zhang1,2
1National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China.
Objective:
The aim of this study was to examine the association between dietary copper intake and incident metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese adults.
Methods:
Data were obtained from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) in 2009, 2015, and 2018. A total of 2418 adults aged 18-64 years who were free of MetS at baseline in 2009 were included. Person-period data were constructed, and discrete-time hazard models with a complementary log-log link were used to evaluate the associations of dietary copper intake with incident MetS and its components. Restricted cubic spline analysis (RCS) was used to assess the dose-response relationship.
Results:
After multivariable adjustment, compared with the lowest quartile (Q1) of dietary copper intake, the Q4 groups had a higher risks of incident MetS, with HR (95% CI) of 1.32 (1.06-1.65) (p = 0.014). When analyzed as a continuous variable, each 1 mg/1000 kcal increase in energy-adjusted dietary copper intake was associated with an approximately 27% higher risk of incident MetS (HR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.03-1.53) (p = 0.023). RCS indicated a significant overall association without evidence of nonlinearity. Component analyses suggested that higher dietary copper intake might be associated with increased risks of reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and abdominal obesity. Sensitivity analyses were generally consistent with the main findings.
Conclusions:
Higher dietary copper intake was associated with an increased risk of incident MetS in Chinese adults. Component analyses suggested a more consistent association for reduced HDL-C, while an additional possible association was observed for abdominal obesity.
