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Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota01:18

Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota

The human gut microbiome includes a diverse array of microbial species, including beneficial commensals and opportunistic pathogens, which interact to support host health. These microbes contribute to essential functions such as nutrient metabolism, immune system modulation, and maintenance of intestinal barrier integrity. However, disruptions to this equilibrium—referred to as dysbiosis—can have widespread physiological consequences.Dysbiosis is often characterized by reduced microbial...
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The gut microbiota includes trillions of microorganisms that colonize the human gastrointestinal tract, including bacteria, archaea, viruses, and fungi. This complex ecosystem plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal and systemic health. Most of these microbes inhabit the large intestine, establishing a relatively stable and diverse community that contributes to gut homeostasis through various metabolic, immunological, and protective mechanisms.Dominant bacterial phyla, such as...
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Microbiota of the Stomach and Small Intestine

The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract is characterized by distinct physicochemical conditions that shape its microbial communities. Among these, the stomach presents a particularly challenging environment for microbial colonization due to its highly acidic pH, ranging from 1 to 3. This extreme acidity effectively limits microbial density. However, certain acid-tolerant microorganisms are capable of surviving in this niche. Notably, Helicobacter pylori can colonize the gastric mucosa,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 28, 2026

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers
09:36

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

Published on: July 28, 2022

Fine-Gradient Low-Molecular-Weight Hyaluronic Acid Supplementation Modulates Gut Microbial Profiles and SCFA Output

Jie Dong1,2, Tianyue Guan2, Yuzheng Xue1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214125, China.

Microorganisms
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid (HA) significantly boosted gut microbial diversity and butyrate production in vitro. This suggests HA

Keywords:
16S rRNA gene sequencinggut microbiotahyaluronic acidin vitro fermentationmicrobiota-derived metabolitesmolecular weightshort-chain fatty acids

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Last Updated: May 28, 2026

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers
09:36

Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

Published on: July 28, 2022

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota
07:15

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota

Published on: July 31, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a glycosaminoglycan used orally.
  • Its molecular weight (MW) impacts interactions with gut microbiota.
  • Low-molecular-weight (LMW) HA's effects on microbial communities are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different hyaluronic acid (HA) molecular weights on gut microbiota composition and function.
  • To determine if HA MW influences the production of fermentation-derived metabolites.

Main Methods:

  • An in vitro human fecal fermentation model was used.
  • Five HA samples (6.9-35 kDa) were tested.
  • Microbial composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.
  • Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were quantified via UPLC.

Main Results:

  • HA supplementation increased microbial alpha diversity and altered community structure.
  • Lower MW HA (6.9 and 9.5 kDa) yielded higher total SCFA and butyrate concentrations compared to higher MW HA.
  • These effects are considered modulatory due to the presence of starch in the medium.

Conclusions:

  • Hyaluronic acid molecular weight influences microbial and SCFA response patterns in vitro.
  • Lower MW HA demonstrated a greater capacity to enhance SCFA production, particularly butyrate.
  • HA MW is a crucial factor for optimizing HA-based microbiota-centered applications.