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Related Concept Videos

Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Regulation of Bacterial Virulence01:28

Regulation of Bacterial Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a range of regulatory mechanisms to modulate the expression of virulence genes in response to environmental and host-derived signals. These mechanisms ensure that virulence factors are expressed only under favorable conditions, thereby optimizing infection and survival strategies.Mechanisms of Virulence RegulationKey regulatory strategies include:Two-Component Systems: These consist of a membrane-bound sensor kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. Environmental...
Evolution of Microbial Genome01:08

Evolution of Microbial Genome

Microbial genome evolution is a highly dynamic process shaped by continual gene gain and loss across species and strains. This genomic flexibility allows microorganisms to adapt rapidly to environmental pressures and interactions with other organisms. Central to understanding this diversity is the distinction between the core and pan genomes.The core genome comprises the genes shared by all sampled strains of a species, representing essential functions needed for fundamental cellular processes.
Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence01:20

Determinants of Bacterial Pathogenicity and Virulence

Pathogenic bacteria employ a variety of strategies to establish infections, including the secretion of extracellular enzymes that act as potent virulence factors. These enzymes facilitate bacterial colonization of host tissues and help evade immune surveillance. By targeting structural components of host tissues and interfering with immune mechanisms, these enzymes play a pivotal role in disease progression.Extracellular Enzymes Facilitating Tissue Invasion: Several bacterial pathogens secrete...

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Automated Analysis of Intracellular Phenotypes of Salmonella Using ImageJ
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Salmonella Persistence in Infection: Molecular Regulation, Host Microenvironments, and Multiscale Heterogeneity.

Dandan Ding1, Hui Sun1, Jing Yang1

  • 1Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, The Second Hospital & Clinical Medical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730030, China.

Microorganisms
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Salmonella persistence, not dormancy, drives recurrent infections and antibiotic failure. Understanding this dynamic bacterial state across host and bacterial levels is key to developing new treatments.

Keywords:
Salmonellaantibiotic resistanceantibiotic tolerancehost microenvironmentinfection relapsepersistencepersister cellsstress-response networks

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Bacterial Physiology

Background:

  • Salmonella persistence contributes to chronic infections and treatment failure.
  • Persister cells are dynamic states influenced by bacterial regulation and host factors, not just passive survival.
  • Understanding Salmonella persistence is crucial for addressing recurrent and chronic infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review Salmonella persistence from a multiscale perspective.
  • To clarify antibiotic survival phenotypes and their relation to persistence.
  • To explore bacterial and host factors influencing Salmonella persistence.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of Salmonella persistence mechanisms.
  • Analysis of bacterial stress responses and regulatory networks.
  • Examination of host microenvironmental pressures and immune interactions.

Main Results:

  • Salmonella persistence involves dynamic, heterogeneous physiological states.
  • Host stressors like phagosomal acidification and nutrient restriction promote persistence.
  • Bacterial stress responses (stringent, SOS, toxin-antitoxin) and host factors shape persistence phenotypes in vivo.

Conclusions:

  • Salmonella persistence is a multiscale, niche-dependent process.
  • Understanding persistence mechanisms is vital for tackling recurrent infections and antibiotic resistance.
  • Emerging anti-persistence strategies offer new therapeutic avenues.