Jove
Visualize
Contact Us

Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System01:14

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System

The automobile's ignition system plays a vital role by ensuring the timely ignition of the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder. This ignition is facilitated by a spark plug, which is composed of two electrodes separated by an air gap. A spark forms across this air gap when a substantial voltage is generated between the electrodes, leading to the ignition of the fuel.
One can generate a large voltage using a car battery of 12 volts with the help of inductors. Inductors are known for opposing rapid...
Block Diagram Reduction01:22

Block Diagram Reduction

The process of deriving the transfer function of a control system often involves reducing its block diagram to a single block. This simplification can be achieved through a series of strategic operations, including relocating branch points and comparators. These operations preserve the overall function of the system while allowing for easier manipulation and combination of blocks.
The first step in this process is the identification and relocation of a branch point. A branch point, where a...
Structural Classification of Joints01:20

Structural Classification of Joints

Joints, also known as articulations, are classified based on their structural characteristics, i.e., based on whether the articulating surfaces of the adjacent bones are directly connected by fibrous connective tissue or cartilage, or whether the articulating surfaces contact each other within a fluid-filled joint cavity. These differences serve to divide the joints of the body into three structural classifications.
A fibrous joint is where the adjacent bones are united by fibrous connective...
Relation between Mathematical Equations and Block Diagrams01:20

Relation between Mathematical Equations and Block Diagrams

In a spring-mass-damper system, the second-order differential equation describes the dynamic behavior of the system. When transformed into the Laplace domain under zero initial conditions, this equation can be effectively analyzed and manipulated. The transformation into the Laplace domain converts differential equations into algebraic equations, simplifying the process of isolating the output.
Circuit Terminology01:14

Circuit Terminology

An electrical network is a system composed of interconnected elements, such as resistors, capacitors, inductors, and voltage or current sources. Unlike a circuit, an electrical network does not necessarily form a closed path. In other words, while all circuits can be considered networks due to their interconnected nature, not every network qualifies as a circuit.
A circuit, on the other hand, is also an interconnected system of electrical elements but must contain one or more closed paths.
Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Autonomous Waste Classification Using Multi-Agent Systems and Blockchain: A Low-Cost Intelligent Approach.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

A Review of Automation and Sensors: Parameter Control of Thermal Treatments for Electrical Power Generation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2024
Same author

An Algorithm to Minimize Energy Consumption and Elapsed Time for IoT Workloads in a Hybrid Architecture.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2021
Same author

Universal Verification Platform and Star Simulator for Fast Star Tracker Design.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2021
Same author

An Architectural Multi-Agent System for a Pavement Monitoring System with Pothole Recognition in UAV Images.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2020
Same author

Connected Elbow Exoskeleton System for Rehabilitation Training Based on Virtual Reality and Context-Aware.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2020
Same journal

RETRACTED: Zhang et al. A Novel Framework for Reconstruction and Imaging of Target Scattering Centers via Wide-Angle Incidence in Radar Networks. <i>Sensors</i> 2025, <i>25</i>, 6802.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Enhancing Unsupervised Multi-Source Domain Adaptation for Person Re-Identification via Mixture of Experts and Graph-Based Relation.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development of an Instrumented Glove for Palmar Pressure Assessment in Kayakers.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Development and Experimental Validation of an Autonomous IoT-Based Monitoring System for Real-Time Water Quality Assessment in the Amazon River.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Semi-Supervised Adversarial Learning Framework for Controller Area Network Bus Intrusion Detection.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same journal

Smart Optimization Method for Safety Signs in Innovative Manufacturing Environments Integrating Industrial Field IoT Sensors and Knowledge Graphs.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
See all related articles
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Experiment Videos

Relational Modelling for Automotive Cybersecurity: Structural Transition and Graph-Topology-Based CAN Intrusion

Mohammad Khalaf Khreasat1, Gabriel Villarrubia González1

  • 1Expert Systems and Applications Laboratory (ESALab), Faculty of Science, University of Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 27, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Structural features of Controller Area Network (CAN) traffic are most robust for automotive intrusion detection, outperforming statistical and graph methods across attacks and platforms. This research clarifies which CAN data representations effectively transfer for cross-vehicle cybersecurity.

Keywords:
Controller Area Network (CAN)anomaly detectionautomotive cybersecuritycross-attack evaluationgraph topologyintrusion-detection systemmachine learningstructural transition features

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Cybersecurity
  • Automotive Engineering
  • Network Security

Background:

  • Controller Area Network (CAN) is crucial for automotive systems, but vulnerable to cyberattacks.
  • Intrusion detection systems (IDS) for CAN traffic are essential for vehicle security.
  • Understanding the transferability of CAN traffic representations across attacks and platforms is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the robustness and transferability of different CAN traffic representations for intrusion detection.
  • To identify which aspects of CAN traffic structure are reliable across diverse attacks and vehicle platforms.
  • To provide guidance for developing effective cross-platform automotive IDS.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a lightweight intrusion-detection framework using statistical descriptors, structural identifier transition features, and graph topology representations.
  • Extracted features from sliding windows of CAN frames.
  • Evaluated framework performance under cross-attack and cross-dataset transfer scenarios, including the ROAD dataset.
  • Conducted vehicle-specific calibration experiments.

Main Results:

  • Statistical features showed poor generalization across attacks (ROC-AUC as low as 0.009).
  • Structural transition features demonstrated high robustness (ROC-AUC > 0.999) within the same vehicle platform.
  • Graph topology features were scenario-dependent, performing poorly against fuzzing attacks.
  • A hybrid approach combining features yielded the strongest overall performance.
  • Transferability was limited for attacks not altering identifier transition regularity (e.g., fuzzing, payload manipulation).

Conclusions:

  • Structural identifier transition features are the most robust representation for CAN intrusion detection, offering high cross-attack performance within a platform.
  • Relational CAN representations have specific transferability boundaries, particularly sensitive to the nature of the attack (e.g., transition regularity vs. payload semantics).
  • Vehicle-specific calibration, even with limited data, can significantly improve detection of certain attacks, while others remain structurally invisible.
  • This work provides a transparent method to assess the transferability of CAN representations, guiding practical IDS development.