Virtual Mice, Real Errors: A Sensor-Aware Generative Framework for In Silico Ethology

Long-duration animal trajectories are central to computational ethology, yet constructing large rodent cohorts remains costly, time-intensive, and constrained by animal-use considerations. We present a sensor-aware generative framework that separates latent behavioral dynamics from sensing-induced observation distortion to synthesize observed-domain trajectories that are behaviorally plausible while reproducing proxy-referenced observation distortions. The framework combines a run-level semi-Markov ethology model, occupancy calibration, and state-conditioned kinematic generation with a regime-dependent Ultra-Wideband observation channel that explicitly captures Line-of-Sight and Non-Line-of-Sight sensing conditions. Using four UWB sessions, this proof-of-concept study models three states-exploring, feeding, and burrowing-and evaluates realism through state occupancy, state-conditioned kinematic divergence, residual-domain agreement, and mean-squared displacement across time lags. We further assess whether sensor-aware conditioning improves robustness under LoS/NLoS domain shift in downstream trajectory classification. Sensor-aware conditioning yields stable mixed-domain performance with AUC = 0.995, whereas condition-agnostic baselines decline to AUC = 0.974 and AUC = 0.901. These results support the feasibility of sensor-aware in silico ethology as a proof-of-concept framework for controlled robustness studies and algorithm evaluation under proxy-referenced observation distortion. Because the present evaluation is based on four UWB sessions and uses a smoothed UWB-derived reference trajectory rather than independent ground truth, broader applications to synthetic-cohort generation, disease modeling, and statistical power-analysis workflows should be considered future directions requiring validation in larger datasets.