A Method for Continuous Dual-Offline Payment of Cryptocurrency Based on Asset Credentials

With the widespread adoption of cryptocurrencies, the ability to conduct continuous offline payments has increasingly become a critical technological requirement. In network-constrained scenarios, current dual-offline payment technologies are useful for single transactions. However, their limitations in continuous payment scenarios have become increasingly evident, making them unable to meet real-world application needs. This has prompted the industry to demand more urgent innovations in research on continuous offline payment capabilities. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a continuous dual-offline payment system capable of supporting multiple continuous payments. The system integrates elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and zero-knowledge proof (ZKP) technology to generate secure asset credentials, ensuring both immutability and privacy credentials throughout the offline payment lifecycle. A dynamic credential decomposition mechanism enables the splitting of input credentials into change credentials and receipt credentials, facilitating uninterrupted dual-offline payments between hardware wallets. Additionally, it incorporates a batch verification scheme based on smart contracts, utilizing zero-balance verification and chained hash tracing to ensure payment uniqueness and prevent double-spending attacks, thereby guaranteeing the verifiability and validity of payment settlements. Experimental evaluations demonstrate that the proposed system reduces gas consumption per payment and improves execution efficiency during batch processing, combining high security with strong performance. This research provides a feasible solution for the application of digital currencies in offline scenarios, carrying significant theoretical value and practical significance for driving technological innovation and application expansion in the cryptocurrency field. In addition to cryptocurrency payments, the proposed system is also applicable to IoT and sensor network environments. Many IoT devices operate in disconnected or network-limited areas and require secure micro-transactions. Our dual-offline payment mechanism supports such scenarios, as the main cryptographic operations are lightweight enough for typical IoT hardware. This further extends the practical value of our system beyond traditional cryptocurrency payments.